词条 | Monroe Calculating Machine Company |
释义 |
The Monroe Calculating Machine Company was a maker of adding machines and calculators founded in 1912 by Jay Randolph Monroe based on a machine designed by Frank Stephen Baldwin. Now known as Monroe Systems for Business, the company was also known as Monroe Calculating Machine Company, Monroe THE Calculator Company, and Monroe Division of Litton Industries. HistoryIn 1911,[1] Jay Randolph Monroe first saw the Baldwin Calculator, the invention of Frank Stephen Baldwin. Although Mr. Baldwin's machine had been patented in 1874 and had been judged by the Franklin Institute as the most noteworthy invention of that year winning the John Scott Medal,[2][3] it had not been developed for commercial use. Mr. Monroe recognized the merits of the Baldwin Calculator, and in April 1912 he organized the Monroe Calculating Machine Company, and in a small rented room near Newark, New Jersey, the manufacture of the first Monroe Adding-Calculator was begun. The following year the firm moved to Orange, New Jersey. The factory personnel consisted of only nine men and the entire heavy factory equipment was a lathe and two small presses. Even with these meager tools, tolerances were maintained to within thousandths of an inch to insure the accurate performance of the finished machine. The first Monroe was offered to the business world in 1914. In 1932, the company was awarded the Franklin Institute's John Price Wetherill Medal.[4] For many years, Monroe was headquartered in Orange, New Jersey and Morris Plains, New Jersey with its manufacturing plants in New Jersey, Bristol, Virginia and Amsterdam. In 1958, the company was acquired by Litton Industries.[5] Litton sold it in 1984. In the mid-1980s, the company diversified and began carrying a line of private-labeled copiers (manufactured by Mita Corp.) and cross-cut paper shredders, but those items have been discontinued. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company had some 300 sales and service branch offices in the United States. In 1972, Monroe announced a pocket-sized electronic display calculator at $269.[6] As low cost electronic calculators from Japan became readily available through retail distribution, the mechanical calculator companies like Monroe, Friden, and Marchant declined even as they introduced programmable calculators. In 1980, the company name was changed to Monroe Systems for Business. This change in name was to reflect the diversification of the company from a calculator-only company to one which addressed the broader needs of the office. During this period, Monroe introduced bookkeeping machines, magnetic stripe ledger card accounting machines, programmable calculators, computers, copiers, facsimile and shredders. In 1998, Monroe Systems for Business sold the copier, facsimile and shredders businesses to Savin Corporation, and returned its focus to the business upon which its reputation had been built, calculators. In 2001, Monroe Systems for Business became a privately held corporation with corporate headquarters in Bristol, PA. As of 2019, in addition to calculators, the company has expanded the products it offers to include a number of complementary products for businesses and professionals with a focus on accounting functions - this includes high-security shred solutions, currency counting machines, replacement toner cartridges, and more. In 2019, Monroe acquired Typewriters.com, a 61-year-old, all-in-one typewriter supplier who specializes in IBM, Nakajima and Brother reconditioned typewriters, as well as the supplies, parts and manuals that go with them. Founder, Jim Riegert, now leads the charge for sales, operations and customer service for the company. ProductsMechanical and Electromechanical CalculatorsEarly models of calculator were designated by letters.[1] The letters A, B, and C are lost in the records of those early days devoted to constructing a suitable pilot model. The "D" model started manufacture in 1915 with serial numbers below 4,000. The "E" model started manufacture in 1916 with serial numbers beginning at 4,000. The "F" model was introduced in 1917 with serial numbers above 6,000.[7] The "G" model was the first machine of the refined style, and was introduced in 1919 with serial numbers above 20,000.[7] The "H" and "I" were never released for production. The "K" was the real start of the big forward march by the Monroe Company. The "K" hand machine, introduced in 1921, was followed by KA, KAS, KAA, KASC, KASE, etc., machines all more fully automatic than the former. The "L" model was produced from January 1929 to February 1971.[8] The "M" model further refined the "L".
Model 145 was the last adding machine model produced. Model 570 was the last electro-mechanical four-function calculator model produced. Electronic Calculators
As of 2019, Monroe Systems for Business sells Medium-Duty, Heavy-Duty and Handheld calculators.[14] Medium-Duty models include the Monroe 6120X, the Monroe 2020PlusX and Monroe 122PDX. References1. ^1 {{cite book|title=Monroe Service Training Course (Apprentice) Book Number 1: Introduction to our Company and Function-Adjustment LN model Calculator|date=1957|publisher=Monroe Calculating Machine Company|url=https://archive.org/details/MonroeServiceTrainingCourseBook1|accessdate=June 4, 2016}} 2. ^{{cite journal|title=The Romance of the Monroe Calculating Machine|journal=The International Office Equipment Magazine|date=January 1918|volume=38|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4H1QAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA52&ots=TDae1nYP5b&dq=%22franklin%20institute%22%20%22stephen%20baldwin%22&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q=%22franklin%20institute%22%20%22stephen%20baldwin%22&f=false|accessdate=June 5, 2016}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Robert|title=The John Scott Medal|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=December 9, 1968|volume=112|issue=6|page=423|url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/johnscottaward/johnscottmedalfox.pdf|accessdate=June 5, 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Monroe Calculating Machine Co.|url=https://www.fi.edu/laureates/monroe-calculating-machine-co-0|publisher=The Franklin Institute|accessdate=June 5, 2016}} 5. ^The New York Times, January 24, 1958, p. 31. 6. ^The Wall Street Journal, March 15, 1972, p. 40. 7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=McCarthy|first1=J. H.|title=The American Digest of Business Machines|date=1924|publisher=American Exchange Service|pages=80–81|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690553|accessdate=June 7, 2016}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sheridan|first1=James|title=The L model calculator ends a 42-year career|journal=Monroe Newsletter|date=May 1971|issue=May 1971|url=https://archive.org/details/MonroeNewsletter1971MayPp34|accessdate=June 4, 2016}} 9. ^{{cite journal|title=9. The MONROBOT|journal=Digital Computer Newsletter|date=Apr 1953|volume=5|issue=2|page=6|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694608}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Battle of the Brains: Election-Night Forecasting at the Dawn of the Computer Age |date=2010 |location=MONROBOT I: pp. 234, 237; MONROBOT III: pp. 237-242, 266-267, 437 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1903/10504}}*{{cite book |title=Commercially Available General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price |date=May 1952 |pages=7–13 |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html#p07 |chapter=The MONROBOT Electronic Calculators}}*{{cite book |title=onr :: A Survey of Automatic Digital Computers 1953 |date=1953 |page=67 (73) |url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_onrASurveyomputers1953_8778395/A_Survey_Of_Automatic_Digital_Computers_1953#page/n72/search/monrobot+iii}}*{{Cite web|url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-m.html#MONROBOT-III|title=MONROBOT III|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=Mar 1961|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=MONROBOT CORPORATION|journal=DIGITAL COMPUTER NEWSLETTER|date=Apr 1955|volume=7|issue=2|page=7|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694616}} 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_onrASurveyomputers1953_8778395/A_Survey_Of_Automatic_Digital_Computers_1953#page/n72|title=A survey of automatic digital computers|last1=Research|first1=United States Office of Naval|date=1953|publisher=Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy|p=67 (73)}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61-m.html#MONROBOT-V|title=MONROBOT V|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=Mar 1961|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://monroe-systems.com/|title=Monroe Systems for Business Official Store - Supplying Accountants Since 1912 {{!}} US|website=monroe-systems.com|access-date=April 4, 2019}} Further reading
External links
3 : Mechanical calculator companies|Electronic calculator companies|Companies based in Newark, New Jersey |
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