词条 | Moral police |
释义 |
OverviewIndia has several vigilante groups that claim to protect the Indian culture. They resist and oppose cultural concepts that they deem to have been imported from the Western culture.[6] They have been known to attack bars and pubs.[5] Some of these groups have attacked or have forced to shut down art exhibitions, where they claim obscene paintings were being displayed.[6][7] They have issued diktats against western attires.[8] Some have also condemned beauty parlours.[9] Some members of the media have also colluded with such groups.[5] Some politicians have supported such viewpoints and occasionally such activities.[10] LawsIn India, the Sections 292 to 294 of the Indian Penal Code are used to deal with obscenity. Most of these laws date back to 1860.[11] The Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code deals with sales and distribution of obscene books and other material. It criminalises materials like books and paintings if it is deemed to be "lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest".[12] The Section 292 was amended in 1969 to exclude material that are for public good (like condom ads),[11] scientific material, art and religious figures.[13] Police also use Section 292 of the IPC to file cases against film posters and advertisement hoardings that are deemed to be "obscene".[14] The Section 293 deals with the sale of obscene material to people under 20.[12] The Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code deals with "obscene acts and songs" and it states that: {{Cquote|Whoever, to the annoyance of others(a) Does any obscene act in any public place, or(b) Sings, recites or utters any obscene song, ballad or words, in or near any public place, Shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine, or with both.[20]}} There is no proper definition of an obscene act and it is open to interpretation.[15] It is frequently used by the police to justify acts of moral policing.[16] Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (also known as Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act or PITA) was originally passed to prevent human trafficking.[17] It allows police to raid hotels if they suspect a sex racket is being run there.[18] Police have used this law to raid hotels and arrest consenting couples.[19]India's obscenity laws have also been frequently compared to the Hicklin test.[13][20][21] Valentine's Day{{main article|Valentine's Day in India}}Valentine's day is often opposed by groups like Shiva Sena and the moral police for being a western import.[22] Vigilante group have been known to attack gift and card shops prior to the occasion.[23] Couples are often beaten up for holding hands or kissing in public.[22] Shiv Sena leader Uddhav Thackeray has called it an attack of the west on Indian culture and that it is attracting youth for commercial gain. Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray has said that people not wanting violence on the day should not celebrate it.[24] He has also called the festival shameless and contrary to Indian culture.[25] Occasionally, the police also try to restrict these groups but even though their activities flourish till the date.[26]Incidents of moral policingBy vigilante groups, religious organizations and unaffiliated citizens
By police
By the Central and state governmentsCentral Board of Film Certification{{main article|Central Board of Film Certification|List of films banned in India}}The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) or the Censor Board, which is tasked with regulating the public exhibition of films under the provisions of the "Cinematograph Act, 1952", has been accused of moral policing by some filmmakers. Director Anurag Kashyap has argued that it is infeasible to have a single body for a large and diverse country like India.[91] Director Prakash Jha has pointed out that even if a film is certified by the Board, it is often not allowed a release in some states due to protests from local political parties or moral police. He has also said that the Board should be scrapped and each film-maker should simply state the type of content in the film because the society is mature enough to understand it.[92] Sudhir Mishra has noted that censor committees have been influenced to giving films lighter ratings.[92] The former chief of the Censor Board, Sharmila Tagore, has defended the body saying that it does not carried out moral policing.[93] In August 2014, then chief of the Censor Board, Rakesh Kumar, was arrested for allegedly delaying certifications to films and demanding bribes to speed up the process.[94] Restrictions on night life and alcohol{{see also|Prohibition in India}}Throughout India, restrictions have been place by some state governments on timings for pubs, bars and other establishments that sell liquor.[95]
Opposition to sex education in schoolsThe Adolescence Education Programme (AEP) was a sex education program designed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (India) and National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) to implement the policies of the National AIDS Control Programme II (NACP II).[100] However, it faced opposition in various states, including Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.[101]
Others
Accusations of obscenity against actors and film-makers
Other
Protests against moral policingIn 2009, following the 2009 Mangalore pub attack, an organisation called "Consortium of Pubgoing, Loose Forward Women" started a movement called the "Pink chaddi campaign". The movement requested people to mail pink underwear to Pramod Muthalik the leader of Sri Ram Sena which was behind the attacks. About, 34,000 people participated.[162] In the state of Kerala, a public hugging and kissing campaign by name 'Kiss of Love' was launched in protest against moral policing on 2 November 2014.[163] Similar events were later organized in Delhi,[164] Kolkata,[165] and various other cities. See also
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Raider|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mumbai-acp-dhoble-raids-nightclubs-lables-girls-as-prostitutes/1/200858.html|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=India Today|date=16 June 2012}} 81. ^{{cite news|title=Defamation case against Mumbai top cop Vasant Dhoble: High Court order expected today|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/defamation-case-against-mumbai-top-cop-vasant-dhoble-high-court-order-expected-today-233305|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=NDTV|date=19 June 2012}} 82. ^{{cite news|title=Police eats its own words, says there was only sex, no racket in Ghaziabad hotel|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/only-sex-no-racket-in-hotel-ghaziabad-police-hotel/1/299035.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=India Today|date=11 August 2013}} 83. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/aug/280813-mumbai-commissioner-of-police-satyapal-singh-controversial-comments-public-ire.htm |title=Top cop Satyapal Singh attracts public ire with for his comments during TV interview |work=Mid Day |date=28 August 2013 |accessdate=11 November 2011}} 84. ^{{cite news|date=28 August 2013 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-28/news/41538769_1_satyapal-singh-mumbai-police-police-commissioner |title=Photojournalist rape: Mumbai ? police commissioner Satyapal Singh 'promiscuous' comment sparks ire|work= The Economic Times |accessdate=3 December 2014}} 85. ^{{cite news|title=Gay party busted in Begumpet|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130903/lifestyle-relationship/article/gay-party-busted|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 September 2013}} 86. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/raid-on-gay-party-an-act-of-moral-policing-say-activists/article5094130.ece |title=Raid on gay party an act of moral policing, say activists |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2013|accessdate=7 December 2014}} 87. ^{{cite news|title=200 foreigners accuse Gokarna cops of brutal assault at V-Day party|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/200-foreigners-accuse-Gokarna-cops-of-brutal-assault-at-V-Day-party/articleshow/30633255.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=19 February 2014}} 88. ^{{cite news|title=Karnataka Police thrash foreigners for partying beyond permissible time|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/karnataka-police-thrash-foreigners-for-partying-beyond-permissible-time/1/345069.html|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=India Today|date=23 February 2014}} 89. ^{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Couples picked up from hotel rooms, charged with 'public indecency'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-couples-picked-up-from-hotel-rooms-charged-with-public-indecency/16437186|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=Mid Day|date=8 August 2015}} 90. ^{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police Hotel Raid: Commissioner Rakesh Maria orders probe into alleged moral policing|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-police-hotel-raid-commissioner-rakesh-maria-orders-probe-into-alleged-moral-policing-2112723|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=DNA India|date=9 August 2015}} 91. ^{{cite news|title=Censor board or moral police?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/opinion/2011/sep/090911-moral-police-Censor-board-Anurag-Kashyap.htm|accessdate=23 February 2014|newspaper=Mid Day|date=9 September 2009|author=Shubha Shetty-Saha|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050553/http://www.mid-day.com/opinion/2011/sep/090911-moral-police-Censor-board-Anurag-Kashyap.htm|archivedate=7 October 2013}} 92. ^1 {{cite news|title=What ails the Indian Censor Board?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/what-ails-the-indian-censor-board/15534160|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=Mid Day|date=16 August 2014}} 93. ^{{cite news|title=Censor Board not for moral policing: Sharmila 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‘superfluous’ liquor permit system in Maharashtra|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/PIL-urges-scrapping-of-archaic-and-superfluous-liquor-permit-system-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/39898075.cms|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=8 August 2014}} 98. ^{{cite news|title=Reverse Ban on Dancing in Bars, HC Tells State Govt|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Reverse-Ban-on-Dancing-in-Bars-HC-Tells-State-Govt/2014/07/10/article2323287.ece|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=10 July 2014}} 99. ^{{cite news|title=Is Bangalore right about its right to dance?|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/blogs/thewatercooler/bangalore-dance-103114787.html|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=Yahoo News|date=26 September 2011}} 100. ^{{cite web|title=Adolescence Education Programme (AEP)|url=http://naco.gov.in/NACO/Quick_Links/Youth/School_Age_Education_Program_SAEP/|publisher=National AIDS Control Organisation}} 101. ^{{cite news|title=Sex 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news|title=AXN banned for 'indecent' programme|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AXN-banned-for-indecent-programme/articleshow/1260124.cms|accessdate=24 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=18 January 2007}} 118. ^{{cite news|title=FTV banned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ftv-banned/article1817756.ece|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=30 March 2007}} 119. ^{{cite news|title='Savita Bhabhi' is no more|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-savita-bhabhi-is-no-more-1269660|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=30 June 2009}} 120. ^{{cite news|title=Govt bans toon porn star Savita Bhabhi|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Govt+bans+toon+porn+star+Savita+Bhabhi/1/50906.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=India Today|date=9 July 2009}} 121. ^{{cite news|title=Fashion TV ordered off air in India for 'indecent' visuals|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fashion-tv-ordered-off-air-in-india-for-indecent-visuals/1094444/0|accessdate=11 January 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=28 March 2013}} 122. ^{{cite news|title=Comedy Central banned for 10 days|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/comedy-central-banned-for-10-days/article4750821.ece|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 May 2013}} 123. ^{{cite news|title=No laughs for Comedy Central as Delhi High Court upholds Centre's ban on transmission|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-no-laughs-for-comedy-central-as-delhi-high-court-upholds-centre-s-ban-on-transmission-2038387|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=DNA India|date=25 November 2014}} 124. ^{{cite news|title=SC stays Delhi high court order on Comedy Central ban|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/FbPhn3NjhXkx9JhoLgESGI/SC-stays-Delhi-high-court-order-on-banning-Comedy-Central.html|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=Live Mint|date=28 November 2014}} 125. ^{{cite news|title=West Bengal: Mamata’s officials stop women’s football match after maulvis object to players’ clothes|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mamata-banerjees-officials-stop-womens-football-match-after-maulvis-object-to-players-clothes/|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=17 March 2015}} 126. ^{{cite news|title=When a kiss means more|url=http://mg.co.za/article/1993-12-23-when-a-kiss-means-more|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=Mail and Guardian|date=23 December 1993}} 127. ^{{cite news|title=Know what happened when Nelson Mandela kissed Shabana Azmi|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-what-happened-when-nelson-mandela-kissed-shabana-azmi-31180.html|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=India TV|date=7 December 2013}} 128. ^{{cite news|title=Models Milind Soman, Madhu Sapre acquitted in obscenity case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Models-Milind-Soman-Madhu-Sapre-acquitted-in-obscenity-case/articleshow/5279293.cms|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=29 November 2009}} 129. ^{{cite news|title=‘Tuff ad didn’t bring impure thoughts’|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tuff-ad-didn-t-bring-impure-thoughts-1320879|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=7 December 2009}} 130. ^{{cite news|title=Not guilty|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/16obseen.htm|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=16 February 2000}} 131. ^{{cite news|title=Cover girl Fundamentalist group in Mumbai threatens Mamta Kulkarni for wearing burqa to court|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/fundamentalist-group-in-mumbai-threatens-mamta-kulkarni-for-wearing-burqa-to-court/1/244501.html|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=India Today|date=14 August 2000}} 132. ^{{cite news|title=Mamta in a tight spot!|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/07mamta.htm|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=7 September 2000}} 133. ^{{cite news|title=Pooja Bhatt in trouble over 'obscene' poster again|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Pooja-Bhatt-in-trouble-over-obscene-poster-again/articleshow/7255253.cms|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=11 January 2011}} 134. ^{{cite news|title=Hot Poster: Cops on Pooja's trail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hot-Poster-Cops-on-Poojas-trail/articleshow/992306.cms|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2005}} 135. ^{{cite news|title=Pooja Bhatt's fight for 'Rog' obscenity case continues|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pooja-bhatts-fight-for-rog-obscenity-case-continues/448382-8-66.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=IBNLive|date=28 January 2014}} 136. ^{{cite news|title=Arrest warrants against Shilpa Shetty, Reema Sen|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/20shilpa.htm|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=20 June 2006}} 137. ^{{cite news|title=Case against Shilpa Shetty and Reema Sen quashed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/case-against-shilpa-shetty-and-reema-sen-quashed/article1245418.ece|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=The Hindu|date=24 April 2008}} 138. ^{{cite news|title='Item girl' Rakhi Sawant booked for obscenity|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-item-girl-rakhi-sawant-booked-for-obscenity-1030327|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=20 May 2006}} 139. ^{{cite news|title=Rakhi Sawant booked for indecency|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rakhi-Sawant-booked-for-indecency/pmredirectshow/1540132.cms?curpg=1|accessdate=13 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=21 May 2006}} 140. ^{{cite news|title=Obscenity charge filed against Bollywood stars|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/obscenity-charge-filed-against-bollywood-stars-1.625627|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=CBC News|date=3 December 2006}} 141. ^{{cite news|title=The man who filed a case against Ash, Hrithik|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/11sfa.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=11 December 2006}} 142. ^{{cite news|title=Court summons Ash, Hrithik for kiss in 'Dhoom-2'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-court-summons-ash-hrithik-for-kiss-in-dhoom-2-1093329|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=27 April 2007}} 143. ^{{cite news|title=Activist seeks police action against Mallika|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mal/20070104.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=4 January 2007}} 144. ^{{cite news|title='Mallika will strip all men'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/10mallika.htm|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Rediff|date=10 January 2007}} 145. ^{{cite news|title=Mallika summoned in obscenity case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mallika-summoned-in-obscenity-case-1191496|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=19 September 2008}} 146. ^{{cite news|title=Mallika caught in another 'dirty' case|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mallika-caught-in-another-dirty-case/31116-8.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=IBNLive|date=17 June 2007}} 147. ^{{cite news|title=Mallika Sherawat acquitted from obscenity case|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mallika-sherawat-acquitted-from-obscenity-case/743555/|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=29 January 2011}} 148. ^{{cite news|title=Obscenity case: SC stays proceedings against Mallika Sherawat|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-obscenity-case-sc-stays-proceedings-against-mallika-sherawat-1875322|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=DNA India|date=16 August 2013}} 149. ^{{cite news|title=Rajasthan court issues warrant against Gere|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-court-issues-warrant-against-gere/article1-218850.aspx|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 April 2007}} 150. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-27/india/27884503_1_arrest-warrant-hollywood-actor-richard-gere-aids-awareness |title=Gere's arrest warrant outrages legal experts|work= The Times Of India |date=27 April 2007 |accessdate=11 November 2013}} 151. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/taliban-style-in-bjp-s-karnataka-moral-cops-assault-girls-in-pub/415303/0 |title=Taliban style in BJP’s Karnataka: moral cops assault girls in pub |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2010|accessdate=9 December 2014}} 152. ^{{cite news|title=Richard Gere cleared of obscenity|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7295797.stm|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=BBC News|date=14 April 2008}} 153. ^{{cite news|title=Kissing row:SC transfers cases against Shilpa Shetty to Mumbai|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kissing-rowsc-transfers-cases-against-shilpa-shetty-to-mumbai/878697/|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=21 November 2011}} 154. ^{{cite news|title=Obscenity case filed against Akshay, Twinkle|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/obscenity-case-filed-against-akshay-twinkle/89505-8.html|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=IBNLive|date=5 April 2009}} 155. ^{{cite news|title=Mallika Sherawat to fight against obscenity charge|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/mallika-sherawat-to-fight-against-obscenity-charge/article1-598463.aspx|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 September 2010}} 156. ^{{cite news|title=Court asks police to book Vidya for obscenity|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-asks-police-to-book-vidya-for-obscenity/210039-8-66.html|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=IBNLive|date=8 December 2011}} 157. ^{{cite news|title=Obscenity case against Vidya Balan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Obscenity-case-against-Vidya-Balan/articleshow/11150727.cms|accessdate=17 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=18 December 2011}} 158. ^{{cite news|title=AIB roast: Police complaint lodged against Bollywood stars for filthy language|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/AIB-roast-Police-complaint-lodged-against-Bollywood-stars-for-filthy-language/articleshow/46098072.cms|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=The Times of India|date=2 February 2015}} 159. ^{{cite news|title=AIB Roast row: FIRs against Deepika, Sonakshi and 14 others|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/aib-roast-row-fir-against-deepika-padukone-sonakshi-sinha/1/417202.html|work=India Today|date=5 February 2015}} 160. ^{{cite news|title=Ranveer, Deepika, YouTube, AIB All Named in New Complaint: Police|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-police-register-fir-against-aib-roast-youtube-737303|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=NDTV|date=6 February 2015}} 161. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090622-150075.html |title=Indian students riled by jeans ban |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=22 June 2009 |accessdate=11 November 2011}} 162. ^{{cite news|title='Pink chaddi' campaign a hit, draws over 34,000 members|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pink-chaddi-campaign-a-hit-draws-over-34000-members/articleshow/4126529.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=14 February 2009}} 163. ^{{cite news|last1=B|first1=Viju|title='Kiss of love' movement: They came, dared the mob, did it|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiss-of-love-movement-They-came-dared-the-mob-did-it/articleshow/45016955.cms|accessdate=3 November 2014|publisher=The Times of India}} 164. ^{{cite news|title='Kiss of love' fest near RSS office in Delhi turns slugfest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiss-of-love-fest-near-RSS-office-in-Delhi-turns-slugfest/articleshow/45083193.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=8 November 2014}} 165. ^{{cite news|title='Kiss of Love' spreads to Kolkata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kiss-of-Love-spreads-to-Kolkata/articleshow/45056988.cms|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=6 November 2014}} 4 : Violence against women in India|Conservatism in India|Crime in India|Vigilantes |
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