1. History

2. Cabasset

3. Modern times

4. In popular culture

5. See also

6. References

A morion is a type of open helmet originally from the Kingdom of Castile (Spain),^[1] used from the beginning 16th to early 17th centuries, usually having a flat brim and a crest from front to back. Its introduction was contemporaneous with the exploration of North, Central and South America. Explorers such as Hernando de Soto and Coronado may have supplied them to their foot soldiers in the 1540s.

History

The iconic morion, though popularly identified with early Spanish explorers and conquistadors, was not in use until the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés or Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Incas in South America. It was widely used by the Spanish, but thirty to forty years later was also common among foot soldiers of many other European nationalities. Low production costs aided its popularity and dissemination, although officers and elite guards^[2] would have theirs elaborately engraved to display their wealth and status.^[3][4]

The crest or comb on the top of the helmet was designed to strengthen it. Later versions also had cheek guards and even removable faceplates to protect the soldier from sword cuts.^[5]

The morion's shape is derived from that of an older helmet, the Spanish kettle hat in 15th century called capacete.^[6] Other sources suggest it was based on Moorish armor and its name is derived from Moro, the Spanish word for Moor.^[7] The New Oxford American Dictionary, however, claims the word derives from the Spanish morrión and morro (round object).^[8] The Dictionary of the Spanish Language, published by the Royal Spanish Academy, indicates that the Spanish term for the helmet, morrión, derives from the noun morra, which means "the upper part of the head".^[9]

In England, this helmet (also known as the pikeman's pot) is associated with the New Model Army, one of the first professional militaries.^[10] It was worn by pikemen, together with a breastplate and buff coat as they stood in phalanx-like pike and shot formations, protecting the flanks of the unarmored musketeers.^[11]

The helmet provided protection during the push of pike maneuvers known for their high casualty rates.^[12] Although mostly issued to Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops, many Cavaliers wore the morion as well, leading to confusion in battles; soldiers risked being shot by their own allies. It was for this reason that uniforms were introduced to identify armies. First, these were simple colored sashes, but soon the Roundheads introduced red coats, which were retained by the army after the 1660 Restoration of Charles II.^[13]

Surviving morions from the 1648 Siege of Colchester have been unearthed and preserved at Colchester Castle^[14] along with a lobster tail pot, a helmet associated with Cromwell's heavily armored Ironside cavalry.

Some captured Spanish armor was worn by Native Americans as late as the 19th century as protection from bullets and a sign of their status.^[15] The most famous of these was the Comanche chief Iron Jacket who lived in Texas and wore armor that originally belonged to a conquistador.^[16]

In the Philippines, the native Moro people adopted the morion and burgonet design for helmets (as well as chainmail and horn coats) during the Spanish–Moro Wars and the Moro Rebellion. The indigenously produced helmets were usually made of iron or brass and elaborately decorated with floral arabesque designs, usually in silver. They had a large visor and neck guard, movable cheek guards, a high crest and three very tall feathered plumes reaching {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} inserted on the front.^[17][18]

Cabasset

A similar helmet, the cabasset, was introduced around the same time in Italy.^[19] Like its Spanish counterpart, it was worn by infantry in the pike and shot formations. The stalk-like projection on the top resembled a pear, which is how it gained its name.^[20]

Modern times

• The morion may have influenced the design of the Adrian helmet issued to French and Italian troops during World War I. Both are of a similar shape and have a comb reinforcing the top of the helmet.^[23]
• The comb morion (with a red crest added) is part of the uniform of the Pope's Swiss Guards.^[24] A Swiss guardsman in his morion appears on the Vatican City commemorative two-Euro coin.
• From 1928 until 1961, the morion served as the logo of automobile manufacturer DeSoto, named after the 16th century explorer Hernando de Soto. It appeared as the hood ornament on cars of the 1940s and 1950s such as the DeSoto Deluxe.^[25]
• The seal of the city of Cupertino, California, includes a morion.
• The morion appears on the insignia of the 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, the largest of the Florida Army National Guard, in tribute to the early militias of Florida under Spanish rule.

In popular culture

• Helmets like the morion and cabasset feature in historical dramas set in the Elizabethan period, generally worn by extras portraying guards.^[26] Such works include the films The Golden Age, Cromwell, Witchfinder General and BBC TV series like The Tudors and Blackadder 2.^[27]
• In both the stage and film versions of the musical Man of La Mancha, the soldiers of the Spanish Inquisition all wear morion helmets, and in the film (but not the play), Don Quixote's helmet is a morion with a makeshift visor artificially attached, as Cervantes describes in his novel Don Quixote de la Mancha. (The play uses a regular knight's helmet with a regular visor.)
• In Dances With Wolves, the Indian chief presents Lt. Dunbar with a morion.
• In the Disney movie Pocahontas, English soldiers like Captain John Smith wear morions.^[28]
• Morions appear in the fantasy film Prince Caspian; they are worn by the Telmarines, soldiers of the evil king Miraz and descendants of pirates from Earth.^[29]
• In the DreamWorks film The Road to El Dorado, Hernan Cortes and his Spaniards are seen wearing morions.
• In The Two Towers, orc sappers wearing morions plant explosives in the wall of Helm's Deep. Other Uruk-hai wear helmets resembling the lobster tail pot.
• In the video game Red Dead Redemption 2 a Morion helmet can be found in game on a frozen setter on a mountain, it can be worn and features large feathers on the helmet.

See also

• Burgonet
• Sallet

References

• Port-au-Prince Arrondissement
• Port-Au-Prince Arrondissement
• Port-au-Prince Cathedral
• Port-au-Prince earthquake
• Port-au-Prince school collapse
• Port Austin AFS
• Port Austin Air Force Station
• Port Austin (disambiguation)
• Port Austin Lighthouse
• Port Austin Reef Light
• Port Austin Township
• Port Austin Township, Huron County, Michigan
• Portaut
• Port authority (disambiguation)
• Port Authority of Jamaica
• Port Authority of New York - New Jersey
• Port Authority of NY & NJ
• Port Authority of Thailand
• Port Authority of Thailand FC
• Port Authority (play)
• Port Authority Police Department
• Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation
• Port Aux Basques
• Port aux Choix
• Port aux Choix, Newfoundland and Labrador