| 词条 | Moskal |
| 释义 |
Moskal (Russian and {{lang-uk|москаль|link=no}}, {{lang-be|маскаль|link=no}}, {{lang-pl|moskal|link=no}}, {{lang-hu|muszka|link=no}}, {{lang-lt|maskolis|link=no}}; {{lang-ro|muscal|link=no}}) is a historical designation used for the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 12th-18th centuries.[1] Today, it is used as an ethnic slur for ethnic Russians from Russia proper by Ukrainians, Belarusians[1] and Poles in their respective countries.[2] The term is generally considered to be derogatory or condescending and reciprocal to the term "khokhol" for Ukrainians as used by Russians.[3] Another Ukrainian ethnic slur for Russians is katsap. History and etymologyInitially, as early as the 12th century, moskal referred to the residents of "Moscovia", the word literally translating as "Muscovite" (differentiating the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from other East Slavs such as people from White Ruthenia (Belarusians), Red Ruthenia (Galicians) and others). With time, the word became an archaism in all the East Slavic languages, and survived only as a family name in each of those languages—see below.[4] The negative connotation, however, came in around the late 18th-early 19th centuries in the form of an ethnic slur labelling all Russians. At that time, soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army (and later those of the Soviet Army) stationed in parts of present-day Ukraine and Poland became known as moskale.{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} Cultural influence"Moskal" is a stock character of the traditional Ukrainian puppet theatre form, vertep. Moskaliki is a Ukrainian designation for small fish typically used as bait or as a casual snack. It also gave rise to a number of East Slavic family names. See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|authorlink= Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Ilya Radozhitskii's Campaign Memoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaCJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2011|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-105-16871-0|page=10}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Benjamin Harshav|title=American Yiddish Poetry: A Bilingual Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYzsjxrtpLsC&pg=PA559|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04842-3|page=559}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=The Search for self-definition in Russian literature|volume =27 |first= Ewa Majewska |last=Thompson |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=1991 |ISBN =9027222134 |pages=22}} 4. ^Edyta M. Bojanowska (2007) "Nikolai Gogol: Between Ukrainian And Russian Nationalism" {{ISBN|0-674-02291-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Cefw929Bw8C&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=moskal+%22ethnic+slur%22+-wikipedia&source=web&ots=8nZ5UU8e34&sig=jtf0Vqs-XchkqKAYBv9CQS6XRUc p. 55]: "In the 'low', folksy world of the provincial narrators, a Russian is a moskal ("Muscovite")", a foreigner and an intruder, at best a carpetbagger, at worst a thief in league with the devil." External links
2 : Ethnic and religious slurs|Anti-Russian sentiment |
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