| 词条 | Diane Ravitch |
| 释义 |
|name = Diane Ravitch |image = Diane Ravitch (cropped).jpg |birth_name = Diane Silvers |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|7|1}} |birth_place = Houston, Texas, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = {{Marriage|Richard Ravitch|1960|1986|reason=divorced}} |partner = Mary Butz (1988 - present) |party = Democratic |alma_mater = Wellesley College Columbia University |website = {{url|dianeravitch.com|Official website}} |footnotes = [1][2][3][4][5] }}Diane Silvers Ravitch (born July 1, 1938) is a historian of education, an educational policy analyst, and a research professor at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. Previously, she was a U.S. Assistant Secretary of Education. Ravitch writes for the New York Review of Books.[6] Early life and educationRavitch was born into a Jewish family in 1938 in Houston, Texas, where she went to public schools from kindergarten through high school graduation. She is one of eight children. She is a graduate of Wellesley College and earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University. She married Richard Ravitch (who later served as Lieutenant Governor of New York) in 1960 and they divorced in 1986. They have two sons; a third son died of leukemia at the age of 2.[8] Ravitch lives in Southold, New York. Her longtime companion is Mary Butz, a retired New York City public school principal who also administered a progressive principal-training program.[7] CareerRavitch began her career as an editorial assistant at the New Leader magazine, a socialist journal founded and supported by Eugene V. Debs and Norman Thomas. In 1975, she became a historian of education with a Ph.D. from Columbia University. At that time she worked closely with Teachers College president Lawrence A. Cremin, who was her mentor. She was appointed to public office by Presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. She served as Assistant Secretary of Education under Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander from 1991 to 1993 and his successor Richard Riley appointed her to serve as a member of the National Assessment Governing Board, which supervises the National Assessment of Educational Progress; she was a member of NAGB from 1997 to 2004. From 1995 to 2005 she held the Brown Chair in Education Studies at the Brookings Institution[8] She participated in a "blog debate" called "Bridging Differences" with Steinhardt School colleague Deborah Meier on the website of Education Week from February 26, 2007 until September 2012.[9][10] She now has her own blog, Diane Ravitch's Blog.[11] In April 2012, Ravitch launched an education policy blog, posting up to ten times daily.[8] She criticizes reformers "for backing teacher evaluations based on student test scores, closing failing schools, expanding charter schools, and trying to impose a 'nationalized' Common Core curriculum on the states, among other policies."[12] In 2013, she joined forces with a writer and former teacher, Anthony Cody, to set up The Network for Public Education which is a foundation dedicated to fighting against educational corporate reforms. Since President Trump appointed Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education, membership in NPE has increased from 22,000 to 330,000.[13] Educational viewsRavitch's first book The Great School Wars (1974) is a history of New York City public schools. It described alternating eras of centralization and decentralization. It also tied periodic controversies over public education to periodic waves of immigration.[8] Her book The Language Police (2003) was a criticism of both left-wing and right-wing attempts to stifle the study and expression of views deemed unworthy by those groups. The Amazon.com review summarizes Ravitch's thesis as "pressure groups from the political right and left have wrested control of the language and content of textbooks and standardized exams, often at the expense of the truth (in the case of history), of literary quality (in the case of literature), and of education in general."[14] Publishers Weekly wrote: "Ravitch contends that these sanitized materials sacrifice literary quality and historical accuracy in order to escape controversy."[15] Ravitch's writings on racial and cultural diversity were summarized by sociologist Vincent N. Parrillo: {{quote|text=[Ravitch] emphasized a common culture but one that incorporated the contributions of all racial and ethnic groups so that they can believe in their full membership in America’s past, present, and future. She envisioned elimination of allegiance to any specific racial and/or ethnic group, with emphasis instead on our common humanity, our shared national identity, and our individual accomplishments.[16]}}Phonics vs. whole languageRavitch is a proponent of phonics when it comes to reading instruction. She was critical of the then New York mayor Michael Bloomberg who, after taking control over New York public schools, replaced phonics with Balanced literacy helped by Joel Klein, the then chancellor of the New York City Department of Education.[17] Klein credited balanced literacy with raising the city’s fourth-grade reading scores. Diane Ravitch rebutted that claim by noting that the rise in reading scores occurred in 2002—before Klein became chancellor and implemented balanced literacy.[18] School choiceBeing initially a proponent of No Child Left Behind, by 2010 Ravitch renounced her earlier support for high-stakes testing and school choice. She critiqued the punitive uses of accountability to fire teachers and close schools, as well as replacing public schools with charter schools and relying on superstar teachers. She wrote, "I no longer believe that either approach will produce the quantum improvement in American education that we all hope for." On her blog, she often cited low-performing charters, frauds, corruption, incompetent charter operators, exclusionary policies practiced by charters, and other poor results that diverted funding from public schools into private hands. High-stakes testing, "utopian" goals, "draconian" penalties, school closings, privatization, and charter schools didn't work, she concluded. "The best predictor of low academic performance is poverty—not bad teachers."[19] Ravitch said that the charter school and testing reform movement was started by billionaires and "right wing think tanks like the Heritage Foundation," for the purpose of destroying public education and teachers' unions.[20] She reviewed the documentary Waiting for Superman, directed by Davis Guggenheim, as "propagandistic" (pro-charter schools and anti-public schools), studded with "myths" and at least one "flatly wrong" claim.[21] Of Education Secretary Arne Duncan's Race to the Top program, Ravitch said in a 2011 interview it "is an extension of No Child Left Behind ...[,] all bad ideas." She concluded "We are destroying our education system, blowing it up by these stupid policies. And handing the schools in low-income neighborhoods over to private entrepreneurs does not, in itself, improve them. There's plenty of evidence by now that the kids in those schools do no better, and it's simply a way of avoiding their - the public responsibility to provide good education."[22] Putting together her comments about the policies she had formerly espoused, Ravitch wrote The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Undermine Education (2010), which became a surprise best seller.[23] One reviewer noted that "Ravitch exhibits an interesting mix of support for public education and the rights of teachers to bargain collectively with a tough-mindedness that some on the pedagogical left lack."[24] National standardsDuring the 1980s, Ravitch began calling for voluntary national standards in education. She became associated with Core Knowledge movement, championed by E. D. Hirsch. During her stint as an assistant secretary of education, she was tasked to develop national standards, despite that the federal government could not require the states to adopt them. By 2007, Ravitch began changing her mind about the free-market components of education reform, but together with Hirsch kept demanding more attention to curriculum and instruction.[25][26] Ravitch turned her attention to poverty and racial segregation, which she now considers the main causes of low student achievement. Ravitch claims that the Common Core "was a rush job, and the final product ignored the needs of children with disabilities, English-language learners and those in the early grades". She says that the country needs "schools where all children have the same chance to learn. That doesn’t require national standards or national tests, which improve neither teaching nor learning, and do nothing to help poor children at racially segregated schools".[27] Bibliography{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?159160-1/left-back-century-failed-school-reforms Panel discussion of Left Back with Bill Bennett, Ronald Nessen, Diane Ravitch, and Donna Shalala, September 11, 2000], C-SPAN| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?159434-1/left-back Booknotes interview with Ravitch about Left Back, October 8, 2000], C-SPAN| video3 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?170444-1/language-police Presentation by Ravitch on The Language Police, May 6, 2003], C-SPAN| video4 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?292469-1/words-diane-ravitch After Words interview with Ravitch on The Death and Life of the Great American School System, March 10, 2010], C-SPAN}}
Ravitch has published more than 500 articles in scholarly and popular journals.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Awards
Honorary degrees
See also
References1. ^Contemporary Authors Online. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. Fee via Fairfax County Public Library, accessed 2009-05-16. Document Number: H1000081288. 2. ^{{cite news |title=Reflections on CUNY's Jeffries and the Jews |first=Joseph S. |last=Topek |url=http://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/1951/25421/1/Statesman%20V.%2035,%20n.%2020.pdf |format=PDF |work=Statesman |location=Stony Brook, New York |date=November 11, 1991 |page=13 |volume=35 |issue=20 |accessdate=2009-05-16}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Diane Ravitch |first=Elizabeth |last=Green |url=http://www.nysun.com/blogs/out-and-about/2008/07/happy-birthday-diane-ravitch.html |work=New York Sun |date=1 July 2008 |accessdate=2009-05-16 |quote=...only Jew in Brooklyn to have her own priest}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ashankerinst.org/shankerboard.html#ravitch |title=The Albert Shanker Institute - Board of Directors |accessdate=2009-05-16}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.breukelein.org/gaudium2005.htm |title=Gaudium Award 2005 - The Breukelein Institute |accessdate=2009-05-16 |quote=Gaudium Award 2005}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/diane-ravitch |title=Diane Ravitch |author= |website=New York Review Books |access-date=4 December 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/19/public-defender |title=PUBLIC DEFENDER |work=The New Yorker |date=2011-11-19 |accessdate=2016-10-23 |author=Denby, David}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/working-families-party-eyeing-diane-ravitch-challenger-gov-cuomo-blog-entry-1.1808233 |title=Working Families Party eyeing Diane Ravitch as possible challenger against Gov. Cuomo |author=Ken Lovett |publisher=NY Daily News |date=May 28, 2014 |accessdate=May 28, 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/Bridging-Differences/ |title=Bridging Differences}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/Bridging-Differences/2012/09/we_bridged_our_differences.html |title=We Bridged Our Differences |last=Ravitch |first=Diane |date=11 Sep 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://dianeravitch.net |title=Diane Ravitch's Blog}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/closing-diane-ravitch%E2%80%99s-mind-13600.html |title=The Closing of Diane Ravitch’s Mind |last=Stern |first=Sol |year=2013 |publisher=City Journal}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/betsy-devos-education-one-year_us_5a821ba6e4b0892a03520700|title=One Year In, Betsy DeVos Has Supercharged Teacher Activism|last=Klein|first=Rebecca|date=2018-02-13|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-02-27|language=en-US}} 14. ^{{cite web |first=Silvana |last=Tropea |url=https://www.amazon.com/Language-Police-Pressure-Restrict-Students/dp/0375414827 |title=Amazon.com Review: The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn: Diane Ravitch: |accessdate=2010-03-02}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&endeca=1&isbn=1400030641&itm=3 |title=The Language Police, Vintage Ser., Diane Ravitch, Book - Barnes & Noble |accessdate=2009-05-16}}?? 16. ^{{cite book | title=Diversity in America | publisher=Sage Publications | author=Parrillo, Vincent N. | year=2009 | pages=157 | edition=3}} 17. ^{{cite journal | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/97765/diane-ravitch-education-reform | title=A Is for Apple, B Is for Brawl | journal=New York | date=1 May 2006 | last=Kolker | first=Robert}} 18. ^{{cite web | url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED498005.pdf | title=Whole-Language High Jinks | year=2007 | last=Moats | first=Louisa}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704869304575109443305343962 |title=Why I Changed My Mind About School Reform |last=Ravitch |first=Diane |date=9 March 2010 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |accessdate=2010-06-24}} 20. ^WNYC, The Leonard Lopate Show, State of Education, interview with Diane Ravitch, May 25, 2010 21. ^Ravitch, Diane, "The Myth of Charter Schools", The New York Review of Books, November 11, 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-28. 22. ^[https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=135142895 Interview] with Terry Gross, Fresh Air, NPR, April 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-28. 23. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/97765/diane-ravitch-education-reform | title=The Dissenter | journal=New Republic | date=23 Nov 2011 | last=Carey | first=Kevin}} 24. ^{{cite journal|last=Kahlenberg|first=Richard |date=March–April 2010|title=Re-education: Conservative education scholar Diane Ravitch returns to her liberal roots|journal=The Washington Monthly|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com//features/2010/1003.kahlenberg.html|accessdate=2010-03-02}} 25. ^{{cite book|title=The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education (1st edition)|first=Diane|last=Ravitch|url={{Google books|uChtKg6h7h0C|page=231-232|plainurl=yes}}|pages=231–232|year=2010}} 26. ^{{cite book|title=The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education (3rd edition)|first=Diane|last=Ravitch|url={{Google books|5CrXCwAAQBAJ|page=249-250|plainurl=yes}}|pages=249–250|year=2016}} 27. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/24/opinion/sunday/the-common-core-costs-billions-and-hurts-students.html |title=The Common Core Costs Billions and Hurts Students |last=Ravitch |first=Diane |date=23 July 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=2018-03-05}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/12014-diane-s-ravitch |title=Diane S. Ravitch |year=2014 |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |accessdate=Sep 19, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004014911/http://www.gf.org/fellows/12014-diane-s-ravitch |archivedate=October 4, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} 29. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/faculty_bios/view/Diane_Ravitch |title=Faculty: Diane Ravitch |year=2014 |publisher=New York University |accessdate=Sep 19, 2014 }} }} External links
|title=BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Young Minds Force-Fed With Indigestible Texts |first=Michiko |last=Kakutani |authorlink=Michiko Kakutani |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/29/books/books-of-the-times-young-minds-force-fed-with-indigestible-texts.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 29, 2003 |page=E7 |accessdate=2009-05-16 }} (Review of Language Police)
|title=Textbooks Distort History, Critic Says |first=Duke |last=Helfand |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/26/local/me-ravitch26 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 26, 2003 }}
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