“Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (sometimes abbreviated as DMSMH) is a book by L. Ron Hubbard about Dianetics, a system of psychotherapy he developed from a combination of personal experience, basic principles of Eastern philosophy, and the work of psychoanalysts such as Sigmund Freud.^[1] The book is a canonical text of Scientology.^[2] It is colloquially referred to as Book One.^[3] The book launched the movement, which later defined itself as a religion, in 1950. As of 2013, New Era Publications, the international publishing company of Hubbard's works, sells this book in English and in fifty other languages.

In this best-selling book,^[4]^[5] Hubbard wrote that he had isolated the "dynamic principle of existence," which he states as "Survive," and presents his description of the human mind. He identifies the source of "human aberration" as the "reactive mind," a normally hidden but always conscious area of the mind, and certain traumatic memories ("engrams") stored in it. Dianetics describes counselling (or "auditing") techniques which Hubbard claimed would get rid of engrams and bring major therapeutic benefits.

Hubbard was criticized by scientists and medical professionals, who charge that he presents these claims in superficially scientific language but without evidence. Despite this, Dianetics proved a major commercial success on its publication, although B. Dalton employees have stated that these figures were inflated by Hubbard's Scientologist-controlled publisher, who had groups of Scientologists each purchase dozens or even hundreds of copies of Hubbard's books, and who sold these back to the same retailers.^[6]

Background

Before the publication of Dianetics, L. Ron Hubbard was a prolific writer for pulp magazines. He attended George Washington University Engineering School, but did not graduate.^[7]

According to Hubbard, the ideas in Dianetics were developed over twelve years of research, although many of his friends at the time said this was entirely mythical.^[7] The first public outline of those ideas was an article in the pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction, titled "Dianetics: A new science of the mind" appearing a few weeks before the publication of the book but published in the May 1950 issue of the magazine, the same month the book was published; the book-length article was later published as the book The Evolution of a Science.^[8] This advance publicity generated so much interest that in April 1950, Hubbard and Astounding editor John W. Campbell with other interested parties established the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation.^[9] Hubbard claimed to have written Dianetics in three weeks.^[10] His writing speed was assisted by a special typewriter which accepted paper on a continuous roll and which had dedicated keys for common words like the or but.^[7] It is called the Remington typewriter, which is on display in the Bay Head, New Jersey Scientology pilgrimage site.^[11] An early version of the book Abnormal Dianetics, intended for the medical profession, was rejected by numerous publishers as well as the medical profession but was passed in mimeograph form from hand to hand and was later sold under the name Dianetics: The Original Thesis; the same book is published at present as The Dynamics of Life. Like other works by L. Ron Hubbard, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health has been subject to continuous editing since its inception so that at present it hardly resembles the original 1950 edition.^[12]

Content

According to religion scholar Dorthe Refslund Christensen, In Scientology, DMSMH represents “the most elaborate of Hubbard’s presentations on the human mind, its functions, and the problems related to these functions.”^[13] The opening chapter presents the context of Dianetics as human beings being preoccupied with “finding a science of the mind that could not only isolate the common denominator of life and the goal of thought” but also isolate the only source of “strange illnesses and aberrations.” Hubbard claims that the two answers to the question of human misery across time and civilizations have been religion and magical practices and modern psychotherapy that includes the practice of electroshocks and brain surgeries, which according to him, have turned patients into “helpless zombies.” Dianetics, he claims is the answer to this dilemma.^[14]

In the section "How to Read this Book," L. Ron Hubbard suggests to read right on through. An "Important Note" appeared in later editions of the book advising the reader to understand every word read. In the book, Hubbard uses two different and contradictory definitions for the word engram. In Book One, the Goal of Man, chapter 5, summary, Hubbard states the Fundamental Axioms of Dianetics, among which is "... The engram is a moment of 'unconsciousness' containing physical pain or painful emotion and all perceptions and is not available to the analytical mind as experience." Later in the text, Hubbard writes of the engram in a footnote on page 74 of Book Two, chapter two, of the 2007 edition of Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. The footnote reads: "... The word engram in Dianetics is used in its severely accurate sense as a 'definite and permanent trace left by a stimulus on the protoplasm of a tissue'. It is considered as a unit group of stimuli impinged solely on the cellular being."^[15] In other words, Hubbard takes a definition previously debunked by biology and calls it a Dianetics definition.^[16] Dianetics, in and of itself, thus presents nothing that was not already known to science in that area, while adding phenomena and functional systems that have no basis in fact. The very manner of "scientific method" displayed by Hubbard in his works has indeed been called{{By whom|date=July 2011}} "anti-science," in that the claims made in the books are based not on peer-reviewed observation of phenomena, with its attendant blind testing, control groups etc., but rather on deciding a priori that a phenomenon exists–followed by an attempt to prove its validity.

In Dianetics, to explain the abilities of a Clear, Hubbard makes use of tropes and special idioms and draws the attention away by pointing to old colloquialisms as the "mind's eye." Hubbard uses such terms as "optimum recall," "optimum individual," "... What a Clear can do easily, quite a few people have, from time to time, been partially able to do in the past.," "... A clear uses imagination in its entirety," "... Rationality, as divorced from aberration, can be studied in a Cleared person only," a Clear's intelligence is above normal, a Clear is free from all aberrations and the attributes of a Clear have never been previously included in a study of man and man's inherent abilities.^[17] After faithfully enumerating all kinds of goodies about Clear, Hubbard finally admits "... Until we obtain Clears, it remains obscure why such differences should exist" as if no Clear has ever been made or no Clear ever made it. L. Ron Hubbard was extremely apt and able in using these tropes to suit Dianetics presentation of a new reality.^[18]

Through Dianetics and the concept of engrams, Hubbard claimed that most illnesses were psychosomatic. He listed the following as caused by engrams: arthritis, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, coronary difficulties, eye trouble, bursitis, ulcers, sinusitis and migraine headaches. He further claimed that dianetic therapy could treat these illnesses, and also included cancer and diabetes as conditions that Dianetic research was focused on.^[19]

In 1951, Consumer Report announced a one-month $500 course, based on the recently published Dianetics, open to anyone and intended to produce the Clear, the goal of Dianetic therapy. The Report on "a new cult" places Dianetics beyond the scope of medical practice.^[20]

According to Hubbard, the book Dianetics: the modern science of mental health follows the original line of research:

According to Hubbard, the basic discovery is not that man survives, but that he is solely motivated by survival.

According to Hubbard, the Reactive Mind works solely on a stimulus-response basis and it stores not memories but engrams.

In Dianetics, Hubbard mentions the post-hypnotic suggestion. This phenomenon of the post-hypnotic suggestion was described as far back as 1787.^[27] The development of Dynamic psychiatry dates back to the encounter between the physician Mesmer and the exorcist Johann Joseph Gassner. According to followers of the school of Dynamic Psychiatry, the advent of hypnotism signaled the discovery of the unconscious.^[28] At the Oak Knoll Naval Hospital, where he was being treated for ulcers, Hubbard studied hypnosis, psychological theory and other similar subjects; Hubbard was quite adept at hypnotism. According to Hubbard, it was trying to find what makes hypnotism such a wide variable that led to the discovery of the Reactive Mind. Dr. Roy Grinker and Dr. John Spiegel developed Narcosynthesis which was widely used by psychiatrists in World War II. In the book Dianetics Hubbard mentions Narcosynthesis or drug-hypnosis. However, Hubbard states that the technique of drug-hypnosis has been known for ages, both in ancient Greece and in the Orient. The technique of narcosynthesis is not used in Dianetics even though Hubbard may have been trained in it while in Naval Intelligence. A shot of sodium pentothal is administered as a truth serum. The technique is described on page 150 of the 2007 edition of Dianetics: the modern science of mental health.^[29]

The medical establishment completely rejected the new "science" for lack of experimental proof. Dianetics has never passed the science bar with flying colors. In 1953, Harvey Jay Fischer wrote the report Dianetic Therapy: an experimental evaluation concluding that "... Dianetic does not systematically favorably or adversely influence the ability to perform" either intellectually, mathematically or resolving personality conflicts.^[30] According to Hubbard's son, DMSMH is not the result of any research whatsoever but a man's obsession with abortion and other phenomena of the unconscious, specially the occult and black magic. There is an entire chapter in DMSMH devoted to demonology.^[31] To maintain the "scientific" appearance of DMSMH, Hubbard decries the belief in demons. In DMSMH, demons are explained as electronic circuits. However, in Hubbard's later writings, entities begin to appear that possess man's physical body. These entities are spirits which Hubbard calls "thetans." What Hubbard does assert is that demonology is good business. A person is a thetan but the person's physical body is possessed by thetans called body thetans. To be spiritually free, a person would have to audit out all those other thetans in the body and that would take a great deal of time and a great deal of money.^[32]

In advising the auditor to be uncommunicative, Hubbard was divorcing Dianetics from other psycho-therapies, as in psychoanalysis, where the therapist most obstinately offers a personal interpretation of what is happening in the patient's mind.^[33]

Scientologist Harvey Jackins said of Dianetics therapy: "... The results have been nearly uniform and positive. Apparently, the auditor (listener or therapist) can be very forthright and direct in seeking out the past traumatic experiences which are continuing to mar the rationality and well being of the person. Once located, the exhaustion of the distress and re-evaluation of the experience apparently leads uniformly to dramatic improvement in ability, emotional tone and well-being."^[34]

Hubbard considered that to maintain silence around unconscious or injured persons is of the utmost importance in the prevention of aberration. After the publication of DMSMH, Hubbard moved to Cuba. There, the signs in every hospital zone are still prominently displayed: Hospital Silence.^[35] In a letter dated December 7, 1950, Ernest Hemingway's son Greg writes to his father mentioning that the publisher of Dianetics is coming down to Cuba to present Ernest with a copy in earnest. Hemingway's son's girlfriend is the publisher's daughter; Greg himself is working at the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation. On December 14, Hemingway answered: "... The Dianetics king never sent the book so I bought one, but Miss Nita borrowed it and it is still outside of the joint. So have not been able to practice jumping back into the womb or any of those popular New York indoor sports and have to just continue to write them as I see them."^[36]

According to Martin Gardner, the workability of Dianetics lies in the field of faith healing as most neurotics will react positively to something they have faith in. There is nothing extraordinary about Dianetics case histories as it is something quite common in faith healing.^[37]

Finally, Hubbard gives fair warning to those who attempt to self-audit his DIY (do-it-yourself) Dianetic process. It cannot be done, says Hubbard, because every engram contains analytical attenuation. It is better to learn to audit the technique and apply it to others. Anyone engaged in self-auditing will only succeed in getting sick. However, in later developments of technique application Hubbard would develop "Solo Auditing" where auditor and pre-clear are one and the same except that in the procedure as always Hubbard would be obeyed to the letter. In Dianetics and Scientology, self-auditing always carries a bad connotation while solo auditing does not. As usual, Hubbard's particular use of nomenclature would win the day.^[38]

Hubbard says in DMSMH that all civilizations have had two responses to the reality of human misery: first, “religion and magical practices,” second, “modern psychotherapy,” which according to him, “have exceeded the brutality of magic and religious practices by turning patients into helpless zombies.” He also said that because man does not understand himself, he has developed “terrifying weapons,” which is the reason that the earth is in war.^[13]

Initial publication

The original edition of the book included an introduction by J. A. Winter, M.D., who became the first medical director of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation,^[42] an appendix on "The Philosophic Method" by Will Durant (reprinted from The Story of Philosophy, 1926), another on "The Scientific Method" by John W. Campbell and a third appendix by Donald H. Rogers. These contributions are omitted from editions of Dianetics published since about the start of the 1980s.

Reception

Although it received an initial positive public response,^[7] Dianetics was strongly criticized by scientists and medical professionals for its scientific deficiencies. The American Psychological Association passed a resolution in 1950 stating of Dianetics "the fact that these claims are not supported by empirical evidence of the sort required for the establishment of scientific generalizations."^[43]

Despite a couple of favourable reviews from medical doctors, Dianetics has had very hostile reviews from many, or almost all, sources.^[44] An early review in The New Republic summed up the book as "a bold and immodest mixture of complete nonsense and perfectly reasonable common sense, taken from long-acknowledged findings and disguised and distorted by a crazy, newly invented terminology" and warned of medical risks: "it may prove fatal to have put too much trust in the promises of this dangerous book."^[45] Frederick L. Schuman, political science professor at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts became an ardent follower of Dianetics and wrote indignant letters to those who reviewed Dianetics adversely including the New Republic and The New York Times. Professor Schuman wrote a favorable article on Dianetics in the April 1951 issue of Better Homes and Gardens.^[46]

Reviewing the book for Scientific American in 1951, physicist Isidor Isaac Rabi criticised the lack of either evidence or qualification, saying it "probably contains more promises and less evidence per page than has any publication since the invention of printing."^[47] An editorial in Clinical Medicine summarised the book as "a rumination of old psychological concepts, (...) misunderstood and misinterpreted and at the same time adorned with the halo of the philosopher's stone and of an universal remedy," which had initiated "a new system of quackery of apparently considerable dimensions."^[48] According to Consumer Reports, the book over-extends scientific and cybernetic metaphors, and lacks the needed case reports, experimental replication and statistical data to back up its bold claims.^[49] Both Consumer Reports and Clinical Medicine also warned of the danger that the book would inspire unqualified people to harmfully intervene in others' mental problems.

These warnings were echoed by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, who contrasted the sophistication of Sigmund Freud's theories with the "oversimplified" and "propagandistic" ideas offered by Dianetics. The latter's extremely mechanistic view of the mind had no need for human values, conscience or any authority other than Hubbard himself.^[50] A similar point was made by psychologist Rollo May in The New York Times, arguing that Dianetics unwittingly illustrates the fallacy of trying to understand human nature by invariant mathematical models taken from mechanics.^[51]

A review by semantics expert S. I. Hayakawa described Dianetics as an example of fiction-science, meaning that it borrows several linguistic techniques from science fiction to make fanciful claims seem plausible.^[52] Science fiction, he explained, relies on vividly conveying imaginary entities such as Martians and rayguns as though they were commonplace. Hubbard was doing this with his fantastic "discoveries", perhaps fooling even himself.

Science writer Martin Gardner criticised the book's "repetitious, immature style" likening it to the grand pseudoscientific pronouncements of Wilhelm Reich. "Nothing in the book remotely resembles a scientific report," he wrote.^[7]

Aleksei Shliapov, a columnist at the Russian paper Izvestia, said about Dianetics, "I think that our politicians should acquaint themselves with this book, since here is, as it were, a technology for how to become popular, how to acquire influence among the masses without having to appear a significant personality."^[53]

More recently, the book has been described by Salon.com as "a fantastically dull, terribly written, crackpot rant," which covers a lack of credible evidence with mere insistence^[54]

and The Daily Telegraph called it a "creepy bit of mind-mechanics" which would cause rather than cure depression.^[55]

When Hubbard wrote the book in 1950, homosexuality was considered a pathological illness^[56] and in 1951 the DSM I listed it under Sexual Deviation^[57] which stance was reflected in passages of Dianetics where homosexuality is considered a mental illness. Besides the homosexual as sexual pervert, Hubbard also includes things such as lesbianism, sexual sadism and all the catalog of Ellis and Krafft-Ebing as being actually "quite ill physically."^[58]

Publication history

It is unclear how many editions there have been, but at least 60 printings are said to have been issued by 1988, almost all having been printed by the Church of Scientology and its related organizations.^[60]

Current editions are published by Bridge Publications and New Era Publications, Scientology-owned imprints. Over twenty million copies have been sold according to the cover of the latest paperback books. The following statement is included on the copyright page of all editions: "This book is part of the works of L. Ron Hubbard, who developed Dianetics spiritual healing technology and Scientology applied religious philosophy. It is presented to the reader as a record of observations and research into the nature of mind and spirit, and not a statement of claims made by the author..."

According to Bridge Publications, 83 million copies of Dianetics were sold in the forty years after publication.^[68] According to Nielsen BookScan, the book has sold 52,000 copies between 2001 and 2005.^[61] The book has been very aggressively marketed, often in ways that are unusual for the book industry,^[62] for instance appearing as one of the twelve sponsors of the Goodwill Games under a $4 million agreement between Bridge Publications and Turner Broadcasting System.^[63] Bridge Publications also sponsors NASCAR racer and Scientologist Kenton Gray, who races as the "Dianetics Racing Team" and whose No. 27 Ford Taurus is decorated with Dianetics logos.^[64]

Various sources allege that the book's continued sales have been manipulated by the Church of Scientology and its related organizations ordering followers to buy up new editions to boost sales figures.^[62] According to a Los Angeles Times exposé published in 1990, "sales of Hubbard's books apparently got an extra boost from Scientology followers and employees of the publishing firm [Bridge Publications]. Showing up at major book outlets like B. Dalton and Waldenbooks, they purchased armloads of Hubbard's works, according to former employees."^[6] Members are asked to contribute by placing Dianetics in public libraries.^[65] However, Dianetics was not added to the collection of the Brooklyn Public Library on the basis of a negative review.^[66]

Role in Scientology

Scientologists regard the publication of Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health as a key historical event for their movement and the world, and refer to the book as "Book One." In Scientology, years are numbered relative to the first publication of the book: 1990, for example, being "40 AD" (After Dianetics).^[6] The book is promoted as "a milestone for Man comparable to his discovery of fire and superior to his inventions of the wheel and the arch."^[7]

Dianetics is still heavily promoted today by the Church of Scientology and has been advertised widely on television and in print. Indeed, it has been alleged that the Church has asked its members to purchase large quantities of the book with their own money, or with money supplied by the Church, for the sole purpose of keeping the book on the New York Times Best Seller list.^[67] Hubbard described the book as a key asset for getting people in Scientology:

The Church of Scientology has been explicit about using Dianetics' sponsorship of the Goodwill Games to boost Scientology membership. The Church's internal journal for Scientologists, International Scientology News, has stated that

Cover imagery

According to Hubbard, the volcano recalls the incident in which galactic overlord Xenu placed billions of his people around Earth's volcanoes and killed them there by blowing them up with hydrogen bombs.^[71]^[72] A representative of the Church of Scientology has confirmed in court that the Dianetics volcano is indeed linked with the "catastrophe" wrought by Xenu.^[73]

See also

References

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43. ^{{cite news|last=Freeman|first= Lucy |title=Psychologists Act Against Dianetics |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 1950| page=19 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/09/archives/psychologists-act-against-dianetics-claims-made-for-new-therapy-not.html}}
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46. ^{{cite book |author=Martin Gardner |title=Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science |page=265 }}
47. ^{{cite news | last = Rabi | first = Isidor Isaac|authorlink=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi | title = Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, by L. Ron Hubbard| work = Scientific American|date=January 1951}}
48. ^{{cite journal| last = Stearns| first = Frederick R.| title = Dianetics| journal = Clinical Medicine|date=March 1951}}
49. ^{{cite news | title = Dianetics Review| work = Consumer Reports| date = August 1951}}
50. ^{{cite news| last = Fromm| first = Erich| authorlink = Erich_Fromm| title = "Dianetics" - For Seekers of Prefabricated Happiness| work = The New York Herald Tribune Book Review| date = September 3, 1950| page = 7| url = http://www.erich-fromm.de/data/pdf/1950b-e.pdf| accessdate = 2008-11-22| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081003210905/http://www.erich-fromm.de/data/pdf/1950b-e.pdf| archivedate = October 3, 2008| df = }}
51. ^{{cite news|work=New York Times Book Review|date=July 2, 1950|title=How to Backtrack and Get Ahead |first=Rollo|last=May|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/dianeticsreview.pdf |accessdate=2009-02-08}}
52. ^{{cite journal| last = Hayakawa| first = S. I.| authorlink = S. I. Hayakawa| title = From Science-fiction to Fiction-science| journal = Etc.: A Review of General Semantics| volume = VIII| issue = 4| pages = 280–293| publisher = The International Society for General Semantics| location = Chicago| date = Summer 1951}}
53. ^{{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Thomas C. |title=Governing Soviet Journalism: The Press and the Socialist Person After Stalin |page=xv |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-253-34589-8 }}
54. ^{{cite news| last = Miller| first = Laura| title = Stranger than fiction| work = Salon.com| date = June 28, 2005| url = http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2005/06/28/dianetics/| accessdate = 2008-11-21| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080905001821/http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2005/06/28/dianetics/| archivedate = September 5, 2008| df = }}
55. ^{{cite news| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/04/26/nosplit/boanotherlist126.xml&DCMP=ILC-traffdrv07053100 | title = 50 best cult books | accessdate = 2008-04-25 | date = April 25, 2008 | work = The Telegraph | quote = Do you often feel unhappy? Depressed? Ill at ease with others? You will if you read this. | location=London | first1=Sam | last1=Leith}}
56. ^Bayer, Ronald. Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The politics of diagnosis. Princeton University Press, 1987. pgs 36, 48
57. ^Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 1951. 000-x63—Sexual Deviation, pgs 38-39
58. ^{{cite book |last=Signorile |first=Michelangelo |title=Queer in America: Sex, the Media and the Closets of Power |page=277 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-299-19374-8 }}
59. ^{{cite book |last=Hergenhahn |first=B. R. |title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology |edition=6th|page=607 |year=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-50621-8 |quote=Lashley spent decades searching for the engram and in the end expressed his frustration as follows: ...}}
60. ^Frontispiece of Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, 1988 edition (New Era Publications, Copenhagen)
61. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/news/author/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001476331 | title = Guinness World Records: L. Ron Hubbard Is the Most Translated Author | accessdate = 2006-12-03 | last = Maul | first = Kimberly | date = November 9, 2005| work = The Book Standard | quote = According to Nielsen BookScan, Dianetics has sold 52,000 units since BookScan began collecting data in 2001. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070704080854/http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/news/author/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001476331 | archivedate = 2007-07-04}}
62. ^¹²{{cite news|title=Scientology's best seller|last=Harris|first=Daniel|date=July 2, 1989|work=New York Post|page=39}}
63. ^¹{{cite web | first = Marla | last = Williams |author2=Ostrom, Carol M. | title = Selling Good Will, Or Dianetics? -- Major Games Sponsor Outrages Some By Its Link To Scientology | url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1085877&date=19900803 | work = Seattle Times | date = August 3, 1990 | accessdate = 2009-01-01 }}
64. ^{{cite news|title=Cruise's Religion Sponsors Race Car |work=The Augusta Chronicle |location=Georgia|date= June 8, 2006}}
65. ^{{cite book |title=The Cult Observer |page=10 |publisher=American Family Foundation |year=1989 |volume=6-8 }}
66. ^{{cite book |title=Background Reading in Building Library Collections |page=25 |author=Gaver/VanOrden/Phillips |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-8108-1200-2 }}
67. ^{{cite news|last=Behar| first=Richard| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865,00.html |title=Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power | publisher=Time Magazine|date=May 6, 1991| accessdate = 2008-11-03}}
68. ^Hubbard, "The Ridge on the Bridge," LRH ED 344R INT of March 10, 1982, revised October 21, 1982
69. ^"Scientologists' message goes up in hi-tech smoke{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}," Sydney Morning Herald, May 4, 1996
70. ^{{cite news | last = Davis | first = Matt| title = Selling Scientology: A Former Scientologist Marketing Guru Turns Against the Church| work = Portland Mercury| date = August 7, 2008| url = http://www.portlandmercury.com/news/selling_scientology/Content?oid=862344| accessdate = 2008-10-31}}
71. ^{{cite news |first= Don|last=Lattin |title=Travolta's Religious Battlefield Critics say movie bolsters Scientology |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/05/15/DD13098.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=May 15, 2000 |accessdate=2008-11-21}}
72. ^{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Novella|title=Weird Scientology |work=New Haven Advocate|date=September 22, 2005}}
73. ^Cross-examination of Warren McShane, Religious Technology Center vs Factnet et al., September 12, 1995 (Linked page is gone, archived version: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213225805/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kspaink/cos/coskit/faegre/injunc/mcshane3.html |date=February 13, 2007 }})
74. ^{{cite book| last = Corydon | first = Bent| year = 1987| page = 361 | title = L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman? | publisher = Lyle Stuart| url = http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/mom/Messiah_or_Madman.txt | isbn = 0-8184-0444-2}}