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词条 MPEG LA
释义

  1. History

  2. Criticism

  3. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC licensors

  4. HEVC licensors

  5. VC-1 licensors

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox company
| name = MPEG Licensing Administration, LLC
| logo = MPEG LA new logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = MPEG LA logo
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = Private
| industry = Licensing administration
| founded = {{start date and age|1996}}
| founder =
| hq_location_city = Denver, Colorado
| hq_location_country = US
| area_served =
| key_people = Larry Horn
| products = Patent licenses
| brands =
| services =
| owner =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mpegla.com/}}
}}MPEG LA is an American company based in Denver, Colorado that licenses patent pools covering essential patents required for use of the MPEG-2, MPEG-4, IEEE 1394, VC-1, ATSC, MVC, MPEG-2 Systems, AVC/H.264 and HEVC standards.[1][2][3]

MPEG LA is not affiliated with MPEG, the Moving Picture Experts Group.

History

MPEG LA started operations in July 1997 immediately after receiving a Department of Justice Business Review Letter.[4] During formation of the MPEG-2 standard, a working group of companies that participated in the formation of the MPEG-2 standard recognized that the biggest challenge to adoption was efficient access to essential patents owned by many patent owners. That ultimately led to a group of eight MPEG-2 patent owners—Fujitsu, Panasonic, Sony, Mitsubishi, Scientific Atlanta, Columbia University, Philips and General Instrument—along with CableLabs and certain individuals, to form MPEG LA, which in turn created the first modern-day patent pool as a solution.

In June 2012, MPEG LA announced a call for patents essential to the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard.[5]

In September 2012, MPEG LA launched Librassay, which makes diagnostic patent rights from some of the world's leading research institutions available to everyone through a single license. Organizations which have included patents in Librassay include Johns Hopkins University; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; National Institutes of Health (NIH); Partners HealthCare; The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University; The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania; The University of California, San Francisco; and Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF).[6][7]

On September 29, 2014, the MPEG LA announced their HEVC license which covers the patents from 23 companies.[8] The license is US$0.20 per HEVC product after the first 100,000 units each year with an annual cap.[9] The license has been expanded to include the profiles in version 2 of the HEVC standard.[10]

On March 5, 2015, the MPEG LA announced their DisplayPort license which is US$0.20 per DisplayPort product.[11]

Criticism

MPEG LA has claimed that video codecs such as Theora[12][13][14] and VP8[15][16][17] infringe on patents owned by its licensors, without disclosing the affected patent or patents.[18] They then called out for “any party that believes it has patents that are essential to the VP8 video codec”.[19] In April 2013, Google and MPEG LA announced an agreement covering the VP8 video format.[20]

In May 2010, Nero AG filed an antitrust suit against MPEG LA, claiming it "unlawfully extended its patent pools by adding non-essential patents to the MPEG-2 patent pool" and has been inconsistent in charging royalty fees.[21] The United States District Court for the Central District of California dismissed the suit with prejudice on November 29, 2010.[22]

David Balto, who is a former policy director at the Federal Trade Commission, has used the MPEG-2 patent pool as an example of why patent pools need more scrutiny so that they do not suppress innovation.[23][24]

The MPEG-2 patent pool began with 100 patents in 1997 and since then additional patents have been added.[25][26] As of 2013 the number of active/expired patents in the MPEG-2 patent pool is over 1,000.[25][27] The MPEG-2 license agreement states that if possible the license fee will not increase when new patents are added.[28] The MPEG-2 license agreement states that MPEG-2 royalties must be paid when there is one or more active patents in either the country of manufacture or the country of sale.[29] The original MPEG-2 license rate was US$4 for a decoding license, US$4 for an encoding license and US$6.00 for encode-decode consumer product.[30]

A criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool is that even though the number of patents will decrease from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee has not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.[31][32][33][34]

For products from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2009 royalties were US$2.50 for a decoding license, US$2.50 for an encoding license and US$2.50 for encode-decode consumer product license.[35] Since January 1, 2010, MPEG-2 patent pool royalties are US$2.00 for a decoding license, US$2.00 for an encoding license and US$2.00 for encode-decode consumer product.[36] By 2015 more than 90% of the MPEG-2 patents will have expired but as long as there are one or more active patents in the MPEG-2 patent pool in either the country of manufacture or the country of sale the MPEG-2 license agreement requires that licensees pay a license fee that does not change based on the number of patents that have expired.[31][32][33][34][37]

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC licensors

{{Dynamic list}}

The following organizations hold one or more patents in MPEG LA's H.264/AVC patent pool.[38]

  • Apple
  • Daewoo
  • Cisco Systems
  • Cisco Technology
  • CTU Systems
  • Dolby Laboratories
  • Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) of Korea
  • Fraunhofer Society
  • Fujitsu
  • Hewlett-Packard Company
  • Hitachi
  • JVC Kenwood
  • Philips
  • LG Electronics
  • Microsoft
  • Mitsubishi Electric
  • NTT Docomo
  • Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
  • Orange S.A.
  • Panasonic Corporation
  • Polycom
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Samsung Electronics
  • Sharp Corporation
  • Siemens
  • Sony
  • Ericsson
  • The Trustees of Columbia University in New York City
  • Toshiba
  • Vidyo
  • ZTE Corporation

HEVC licensors

{{Dynamic list}}

The following organizations hold one or more patents in the HEVC patent pool.[39]

  • Apple
  • CTU Systems
  • Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) of Korea
  • Fujitsu
  • HUMAX Holdings
  • Intellectual Discovery Co.
  • JVCKenwood Corporation
  • Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
  • Korean Broadcasting System
  • KT Corp
  • M&K Holdings
  • Maxell
  • NEC Corporation
  • Newratek
  • Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK)
  • Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT)
  • NTT Docomo
  • Orange SA
  • Samsung Electronics
  • Siemens
  • SK Telecom
  • Tagivan II
  • The Trustees of Columbia University in New York City
  • Vidyo

VC-1 licensors

{{Dynamic list}}

The following organizations hold one or more patents in the VC-1 patent pool.[40]

  • Dolby Laboratories
  • Fujitsu
  • JVCKenwood
  • Philips
  • LG Electronics
  • Microsoft
  • Mitsubishi Electric
  • Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
  • Orange S.A.
  • Panasonic Corporation
  • Pantech
  • Samsung Electronics
  • Sharp Corporation
  • Siemens
  • Sony
  • Telenor
  • Toshiba
  • ZTE Corporation

See also

  • DVD6C

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/Pages/About.aspx|title=Revolutionizing Intellectual Property Rights Management|accessdate=2010-04-13}}
2. ^{{citation |url=http://www.osnews.com/story/23236/Why_Our_Civilization_s_Video_Art_and_Culture_is_Threatened_by_the_MPEG-LA |title=Why Our Civilization's Video Art and Culture is Threatened by the MPEG-LA |first=Eugenia |last=Loli-Queru |date=2010-05-01 |publisher=OSNews}}
3. ^{{citation |url=http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=WHQGCDCQAPPDCQSNDLOSKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=197801387 |date=2007-03-12 |first=Mike |last=Clendenin |title=Chinese set-top box makers, MPEG LA face off over patent fees |publisher=EE Times}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/busreview/215742.htm|title=MPEG LA Business Review Letter|accessdate=2013-05-13}}
5. ^{{Cite press release |url=http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/82/n-12-06-26.pdf |title=MPEG LA Announces Call for Patents Essential to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) |publisher=MPEG LA |location=Denver, CO |format=PDF |date=2012-06-26 |accessdate=2013-05-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514055624/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/82/n-12-06-26.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-14 |df= }}
6. ^{{Cite press release |url=http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/83/n-12-09-27.pdf|title=MPEG LA’s Librassay® Removes Patent Barriers to Diagnostics for Personalized Medicine |publisher=MPEG LA |location=Denver, CO |format=PDF |date=2012-09-27 |accessdate=2013-05-13}}
7. ^{{Cite press release |url=http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/87/n-13-02-21.pdf|title=MPEG LA Continues to Expand Librassay® with Addition of WARF |publisher=MPEG LA |location=Denver, CO |format=PDF |date=2013-02-21 |accessdate=2013-05-13}}
8. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG LA Offers HEVC Patent Portfolio License |publisher=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mpeg-la-offers-hevc-patent-182200249.html |date=2014-09-29 |accessdate=2014-09-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113009/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/mpeg-la-offers-hevc-patent-182200249.html |archivedate=2014-10-06 |df= }}
9. ^{{cite news |title=HEVC Patent Portfolio License Briefing |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/HEVC/Documents/HEVCweb.pdf |format=PDF |date=2014-09-29 |accessdate=2014-09-29}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG LA Expands HEVC License Coverage |publisher=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mpeg-la-expands-hevc-license-153700468.html |date=2015-03-19 |accessdate=2015-03-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104550/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/mpeg-la-expands-hevc-license-153700468.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}
11. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG LA Introduces License for DisplayPort |publisher=Business Wire |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150305006071/en/MPEG-LA-Introduces-License-DisplayPort |date=March 5, 2015 |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}
12. ^{{citation |url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=65782 |title=Ogg, MPEG LA, and Submarine Patents |first=Jan |last=Ozer |date=2010-03-04 |publisher=StreamingMedia.com}}
13. ^{{citation |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/30/steve_jobs_claims_ogg_theora_attack/ |title=Steve Jobs: mystery patent pool to attack Ogg Theora |date=2010-04-30 |first=Cade |last=Metz |publisher=The Register}}
14. ^{{citation |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/behind-the-open-codec-fud-attack/6393 |title=Behind the open codec FUD attack |date=2010-05-02 |publisher=ZDNet |first=Dana |last=Blankenhorn}}
15. ^{{citation |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/google_confident_on_vp8_and_patents/ |title=Google backs open codec against patent trolls |date=2010-05-20 |publisher=The Register |first=Cade |last=Metz}}
16. ^{{citation |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/21/mpegla_mulls_patent_license_for_webm/ |title=Google open video codec may face patent clash |date=2010-05-21 |publisher=The Register |first=Cade |last=Metz}}
17. ^{{citation |url=http://www.betanews.com/article/Patent-pool-may-be-in-the-works-for-free-VP8-codec/1274466745 |title=Patent pool may be in the works for 'free' VP8 codec |publisher=Betanews |date=2010-05-21 |first=Scott M. |last=Fulton}}
18. ^{{citation |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/fud-pushing-back-hard-against-google-webm/6548 |title=FUD pushing back hard against Google WebM |date=2010-05-24 |publisher=ZDNet |first=Dana |last=Blankenhorn}}
19. ^{{citation |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/pid/vp8/default.aspx |title=MPEG LA Announces Call for Patents Essential to VP8 Video Codec |publisher=MPEG LA |location=Denver, CO |date=2011-02-10 |accessdate=2010-02-12}}
20. ^{{Cite press release |url=http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/88/n-13-03-07.pdf|title=Google and MPEG LA Announce Agreement Covering VP8 Video Format |publisher=MPEG LA |location=Denver, CO |format=PDF |date=2013-03-07 |accessdate=2013-05-13}}
21. ^{{citation |url=http://www.osnews.com/story/23346/Nero_Files_Antitrust_Case_Against_MPEG-LA |title=Nero Files Antitrust Case Against MPEG-LA |publisher=OSNews |first=Thom |last=Holwerda |date=2010-05-24}}
22. ^{{citation |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/cacdce/2:2010cv03672/472817/31 |title=NERO AG v. MPEG LA, L.L.C.|publisher=United States District Court for the Central District of California |format=PDF |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2013-06-05}}
23. ^{{cite news |title=Patent Pools May Create Anticompetitive Effects, New Report Finds |author=David Balto |publisher=Business Wire |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130509005972/en/Patent-Pools-Create-Anticompetitive-Effects-Report-Finds |date=2013-05-09 |accessdate=2013-07-03}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=Barriers to Competition on the Innovation Superhighway: How the Lack of Antitrust Scrutiny of Patent Pools Deters Competition |author=David Balto |publisher=The Law Offices of David A. Balto PLLC |url=http://dcantitrustlaw.com/patent%20pools%20-5%209%20pdf.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-07-03}}
25. ^1 {{cite news |title=Alternative approaches to IP management: One-stop technology platform licensing |author=Larry Horn |publisher=Journal of Commercial Biotechnology |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jcb/journal/v9/n2/pdf/3040017a.pdf |format=PDF |date=2002-08-19 |accessdate=2013-06-23}}
26. ^{{cite news |title=Attachment 1 |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Documents/m2-att1-July8-1997.pdf |format=PDF |date=1997-06-08 |accessdate=2013-06-23}}
27. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 Attachment 1 |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/m2/Documents/m2-att1.pdf |format=PDF |date=2013-05-17 |accessdate=2013-06-23}}
28. ^{{cite news |title=Public Policy toward Patent Pools |author1=Josh Lerner |author2=Jean Tirole |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c5304.pdf |format=PDF |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2013-06-23}}
29. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Pages/License.aspx |accessdate=2013-06-26}}
30. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG licensing basics |author=Franklin Douglas |publisher=EE Times |url=http://www.eetimes.com/design/other/4012977/MPEG-licensing-basics?pageNumber=3 |date=2005-03-18 |accessdate=2013-06-23}}
31. ^1 {{cite news |title=Patent Pools May Create Anticompetitive Effects, New Report Finds |publisher=Business Wire |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130509005972/en/Patent-Pools-Create-Anticompetitive-Effects-Report-Finds |date=2013-05-09 |accessdate=2013-06-06}}
32. ^1 {{cite news |title=Consumer tech rip-off from patent pools |author=Steve Pociask |publisher=The Daily Caller |url=http://dailycaller.com/2013/05/13/consumer-tech-rip-off-from-patent-pools/ |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
33. ^1 {{cite news |title=MPEG-LA Shows Need to Rebuild IP Foundations |author=Bret Swanson |publisher=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bretswanson/2013/04/30/mpeg-la-shows-need-to-rebuild-ip-foundations/ |date=2013-04-30 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
34. ^1 {{cite news |title=America's patent system is all wrong for today’s high-tech world |author=Steve Forbes |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/03/18/america-patent-system-is-all-wrong-for-todays-high-tech-world/|date=2013-03-18 |accessdate=2013-06-05}}
35. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Pages/Agreement.aspx |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
36. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Pages/Agreement.aspx |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
37. ^{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Pages/Agreement.aspx |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
38. ^{{cite news |title=AVC/H.264 Licensors |publisher=MPEG-LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/AVC/Pages/Licensors.aspx |accessdate=2013-05-19}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/91/n-14-09-29.pdf|title=MPEG LA Offers HEVC Patent Portfolio License|publisher=MPEG LA|accessdate=2014-10-15}}
40. ^{{cite news |title=VC-1 Licensors |publisher=MPEG-LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/Vc1/Pages/Licensors.aspx |accessdate=2013-05-19}}

External links

  • MPEG LA corporate website
  • New MPEG LA MPEG-2 License Agreement Offers Extended Coverage at Reduced Royalty Rates (Press Release on businesswire.com)

4 : Companies based in Denver|MPEG|Patent pools|Open standards covered by patents
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