“Abortion in France”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Abortion in France is legal on demand up to 12 weeks after conception (14 weeks after the last menstrual period).^[1] Abortions at later stages of pregnancy are allowed if two physicians certify that the abortion will be done to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; a risk to the life of the pregnant woman; or that the child will suffer from a particularly severe illness recognized as incurable.^[2]^[3]^[4] The abortion law was liberalized by the Veil Law in 1975.

History

In the Middle Ages, abortion was considered a cardinal sin by Catholic Church teaching.^[5] Abortion was legalized during the French revolution,{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} but was re-criminalized in France with the imposition of the 1810 Napoleonic Code, which punished any person who procured an abortion with imprisonment. In 1939, the Penal Code was altered to permit an abortion that would save the pregnant woman's life.^[6] During the German occupation during World War II, the Vichy régime made abortion a capital crime. The last person to be executed for abortion was Marie-Louise Giraud, who was guillotined on 30 July 1943. Following the war, the death penalty for abortion was abolished, but abortion continued to be prosecuted vigorously.^[5]

Illegal abortion rates remained fairly high during the post-war period, and increasing numbers of women began to travel to the United Kingdom to procure abortions after the UK legalized abortion in 1967.^[7] France legalized abortion in Law 75-17 of 18 January 1975, which permitted a woman to receive an abortion on request until the tenth week of pregnancy. After a trial period, Law 75-17 was adopted permanently in December 1979.^[3]

Since 1982, much of the costs of abortions are taken in charge by the French social security system.^[8]

France was the first country to legalize the use of RU-486 as an abortifacient in 1988, allowing its use up to seven weeks of pregnancy under supervision of a physician. By a United Nations Population Division estimate, 19% of all French abortions used RU-486 {{as of|2002|lc=y}}.^[3]

21st century liberalization

Several reforms took place in the 21st century, further liberalizing access to abortion. The ten-week limit was extended to the twelfth week in 2001.^[9] Also since 2001, minor girls no longer need mandatory parental consent. A pregnant girl under the age of 18 may ask for an abortion without consulting her parents first if she is accompanied to the clinic by an adult of her choice, who must not tell her parents or any third party about the abortion.^[2]^[10] Until 2015, the law imposed a seven-day "cool-off" period between the patient's first request for an abortion and a written statement confirming her decision (the delay could be reduced to two days if the patient was getting close to 12 weeks). That mandatory waiting period was abolished on 9 April 2015.^[11]

Prevalence

See also

References

1. ^http://ivg.social-sante.gouv.fr/avortement-quels-sont-les-delais-a-respecter-pour-avorter.html
2. ^¹{{cite report |author=International Planned Parenthood Foundation European Network |date=January 2009 |title=Abortion Legislation in Europe |url=http://www.spdc.pt/files/publicacoes/Pub_AbortionlegislationinEuropeIPPFEN_Feb2009.pdf |pages=28-29 |access-date=29 January 2017 }}
3. ^¹²{{cite book |title=Abortion Policies: A Global Review |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/ | chapter=France | chapterurl=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/france1.doc |accessdate=29 January 2017 |year=2002 |publisher=United Nations Population Division |volume= |format=DOC |isbn= |page= |pages=}}
4. ^{{cite report |last=Boring |first=Nicolas |date=January 2015 |title=Abortion Legislation in Europe: France |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/abortion-legislation/europe.php#france |publisher=The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center |page=13 |access-date=29 January 2017}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Morel|first1=Marie-France|title=Histoire de l’avortement|url=http://www.societe-histoire-naissance.fr/spip.php?article43|publisher=La Société d’Histoire de la Naissance|accessdate=29 January 2017|language=fr|date=2 January 2012}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Abortion Policies: A Global Review |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/ | chapter=Introduction | chapterurl=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/Intro.doc |accessdate=29 January 2017 |year=2002 |publisher=United Nations Population Division |volume= |format=DOC |isbn= |page= |pages=}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Herzog|first1=Dagmar|title=Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139500739|pages=156-158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVf6ZmfS2MkC&pg=PA156|accessdate=30 January 2017}}
8. ^{{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 82-1172|date in French=31 décembre 1982|full name=RELATIVE A LA COUVERTURE DES FRAIS AFFERENTS A L'INTERRUPTION VOLONTAIRE DE GROSSESSE NON THERAPEUTIQUE ET AUX MODALITES DE FINANCEMENT DE CETTE MESURE|URL=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000704429&dateTexte=20080504|language=French}}
9. ^{{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2001-588|date in French=4 juillet 2001|full name=relative à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse et à la contraception|article=1|URL=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000222631&categorieLien=id|language=French}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Fiche pratique: Interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG)|url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1551|website=Service-Public.fr|date=7 June 2016|accessdate=29 January 2017|language=fr|quote=Cependant, si vous souhaitez garder le secret, l'IVG est pratiquée à votre seule demande. Dans cette hypothèse, vous devrez vous faire accompagner dans votre démarche par une personne majeure de votre choix.}}
11. ^{{cite news|last1=Béguin|first1=François|title=IVG : l'Assemblée vote la suppression du délai de réflexion de sept jours|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2015/04/09/ivg-l-assemblee-vote-la-suppression-du-delai-de-reflexion-de-sept-jours_4612101_1651302.html|accessdate=29 January 2017|work=Le Monde|date=9 April 2015|language=fr}}
12. ^{{Cite web | title = World Abortion Policies 2013 | publisher = United Nations | year = 2013 | url = https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.shtml | accessdate = 3 March 2014 }}
13. ^{{Cite web | title = World Abortion Policies 2007 | publisher = United Nations | year = 2007 | url = https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2007_Abortion_Policies_Chart/2007AbortionPolicies_wallchart.htm | accessdate = 29 January 2017 }}