| 词条 | Muffler Men |
| 释义 |
Muffler Men (or Muffler Man) are large moulded fiberglass sculptures that are placed as advertising icons, roadside attractions or for decorative purposes, predominantly in America. Standing approximately 18–25 feet tall,[1] the first figure was a Paul Bunyan character designed to hold an axe.[2] Derivatives of that figure were widely used to hold full-sized car mufflers, tires, or other items promoting various roadside businesses. International Fiberglass of Venice, California constructed most Muffler Men. While the fiberglass figures are no longer manufactured, many still exist throughout a number of states across America with some also in Canada. At least four remain on U.S. Route 66, including Chicken Boy and Gemini Giant.[3]Muffler Men have made appearances as characters in the comic strip "Zippy the Pinhead" by Bill Griffith, often in conversation with Zippy. Two books have been devoted to the distinctive roadside figures[4][5] and the July 2012 issue of AAA New Mexico Journey devoted its front cover to their 50th anniversary. HistoryBoatbuilder Steve Dashew established International Fiberglass in 1963 by purchasing and renaming Bob Prewitt's workshop, Prewitt Fiberglass.[6] The oversized fibreglass men, women and dinosaurs began as a sideline. The first of the figures, a Paul Bunyan holding an oversized axe to promote a restaurant, was created by Bob Prewitt in 1962[7] for the Paul Bunyan Café on Route 66 in Flagstaff, Arizona.[4] As the fibreglass moulds for this initial figure existed when Dashew acquired the company, similar characters could be readily created by keeping the same basic characteristics (such as the right palm up, left palm down position in which the original Bunyan lumberjack figure held his axe)[8] with minor variation. Various fibreglass moulds allowed different heads, limbs or torsos to be substituted to create multiple variant characters.[7] Some would promote food, others automotive products. A fifteen-foot Amish man standing over a diner in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania[7] and a Uniroyal gal in a skirt or bikini were among the many variants.[9][10] Thousands of the oversize figures would be deployed in a little over a decade at a typical cost of $1000-$2800 each.[4] Some would be customised as promotions of individual roadside businesses on the US Highway system. Many were created to advertise franchise and chain brands, such as the Enco and Humble tigers and the Philips Petroleum cowboys.[11] A novelty fibreglass dinosaur figure was most often seen promoting Sinclair Oil stations, but also appeared at various miniature golf courses. When businesses closed or were sold, often the figures would be repainted and adapted to represent different characters or were relocated. The statues have become natives, Vikings, football players and sports mascots, country bumpkins, cooks and chefs, cowboys, soldiers, sea pirates and astronauts.[8] The use of roadside novelties represented a means for independent businesses to differentiate themselves in an era before two-lane highways were bypassed by freeways; businesses located directly on the main road would rely heavily on neon signage, promotional displays and gimmicks to make themselves more visible to passing motorists. Increases in costs to deliver the lightweight but oversized figures proved problematic and business declined with the 1973 oil crisis. International Fibreglass was sold and closed permanently in 1976.[6] The moulds for the figures, originally worth thousands of dollars each, were not retained and are now lost. Many of the characters, such as a Texaco Big Friend initially created for a cancelled service station chain promotion, would become rare after International Fiberglass ceased operations.[12] List of Muffler Men{{main|List of Muffler Men}}See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iczSBcAUC5oC&pg=PA333 | title = The Mythical West: An Encyclopaedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture | isbn = 9781576071519 | author1 = Slatta | first1 = Richard W | year = 2001}} 2. ^Roadside America. "Origin of the Species", Roadside America website, 2009. Accessed 2009-09-15. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.dailybreeze.com/history/2013/10/19/golf-man-becomes-porsche-man-in-carson/|title=Golf Man becomes Porsche Man in Carson|publisher=South Bay Daily Breeze|work=South Bay History|date=October 19, 2013 |first=Sam |last=Gnerre|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hA1raIgFcAQC&pg=PA15 | title = Roadside Giants | isbn = 9780811732284 | author1 = Butko | first1 = Brian | last2 = Butko | first2 = Sarah | date = 2005-10-10}} 5. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=omHzQwAACAAJ | title = Right Palm Up, Left Palm Down: The Log of a Cross-Country Scavenger Hunt | isbn = 9780970340771 | author1 = Aldaz | first1 = Gabriel | date = April 2010}} 6. ^1 {{cite news|author=Carrie Steinweg |url=http://www.nwitimes.com/lifestyles/article_00420e78-134d-50c9-9382-a38651ae9e32.html |title=Some decades-old statues are still around, fueling our Route 66 nostalgia |publisher=NWI Times |date=2009-02-05 |accessdate=2012-08-31}} 7. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bfaultPxl18C&pg=PA152 | title = Weird Pennsylvania: Your Travel Guide to Pennsylvania's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets | isbn = 9781402766862 | author1 = Lake | first1 = Matt | date = 2009-05-05}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/mufflermen-abstract.html |title=Wanted: Big Men |publisher=Smithsonian magazine |date=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2012-08-31}} 9. ^{{cite web|publisher=Roadside America|url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/set/unigal.html |title=Giant Women|year=2009|accessdate=2009-04-19}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://ww1.calif.aaa.com/westways/2012/01-02/Pages/men-at-work.aspx|title=Men at Work |first=Kim|last= Kabar | publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |work=Westways |date=January–February 2012|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 11. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iczSBcAUC5oC&pg=PA333&lpg=PA333 | title = The Mythical West: An Encyclopedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture | isbn = 9781576071519 | author1 = Slatta | first1 = Richard W | year = 2001}} 12. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=2EC295CC72A84B688C07CA19BC832184 |title=2010 Best of Cleveland: Oddities |publisher=Cleveland Magazine |date= |accessdate=2012-08-31}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/12968793-418/hot-dog-merchant-who-brought-giant-paul-bunyan-statue-to-route-66-dead-at-89.html |title=Hot dog merchant who brought giant Paul Bunyan statue to Route 66 dead at 89|author=Dave Hoekstra|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times|date=June 4, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last=Welander |first=Patti |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/29542c8c-a217-11e1-8d6d-0019bb2963f4.html |title=Volunteers clean up Paul Bunyan statue on Route 66 |publisher=Bloomington Pantagraph |date=2012-05-19 |accessdate=2012-08-31}} External links{{Commons category|Muffler Men}}
4 : Roadside attractions in the United States|Transport culture|Fiberglass sculptures|Public art in the United States |
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