“Muhammad ibn al-Habib”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sayyidi Muhammad ibn al-Habib ibn as-Siddiq al-Amghari al-Idrisi al-Husayni (1876 – January 10, 1972) was an Islamic teacher, author, and shaykh of the Darqawa tariqa in Morocco.

Background

Ibn al-Habib's ancestors were based in Marrakech, Morocco and he is related to Moulay Abdallah Amghar, a descendant of a Sayyid line which goes back to Ali ibn Abi Talib (d.660) and Husayn ibn Ali (d.680). This branch of the family immigrated to Tafilalt and settled there. His father immigrated to Fes, where his descendants still live.

Life and education

Muhammad Ibn al-Habib was born in Fes in 1876. At the proper age, he went to the Qur'anic kuttab at Qantara Abu'r-Ru'us where he studied with Sidi al-Hashimi as-Sanhaji, learning Quranic reading, writing and recitation. He also studied with Sidi Ahmad al-Filali in the school of Qasba an-Nawwar and memorised the Qur'an under him. In about 1894, he began studies at the Abu'l-Junud Mosque, studying with Sidi Mahmad al-Irari, concentrating on the Ajrummiyya,^[1] the Alfiyya,^[2] as-Sullam by al-Bannani and at-Tirmidhi's Shamā'il.^[3]

Then in the Al-Qarawiyyin mosque, he studied Khalil's Mukhtasar^[4] including its commentaries by az-Zurqani, al-Bannani and al-Kharashi, with Sidi Ahmad ibn al-Jilali al-Amghari. He studied the Tuhfa with the commentary of Shaykh at-Tawudi ibn Sawda and the Collection of the Adab of the Teacher and Student by Shaykh Khalil with Sidi Abu Bakr ibn al-'Arabi Bannani. He studied part of Sahih Bukhari and the Hikam of Ibn 'Ata Allah^[5] with Ahmad ibn al-Khayyat az-Zargari.

He studied az-Zaqqaqiyya^[6] with the margin which the shaykh himself wrote, with Sidi 'Abdu's'-Salam al-Huwari; the Alfiyya with the commentary of al-Makudi and al-Muwaddih with Sidi Khalil al-Khalidi; part of the Jami' al-Jawami' and part of the Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal with Muhammad ibn Jaafar al-Kittani; Khalil's Mukhtasar, a summary of the Mukhtasar as-Sa'd, and part of Tawhid al-Murshid with the commentary of Shaykh at-Tayyib ibn Kiran with Sidi J. Muhammad Fatha Junun.

From Moulay 'Abdullah ibn Idris al-Badrawi, he learned Sahih Bukhari, part of Khalil's Mukhtasar, al- Isti'ara of Shaykh at-Tayyib ibn Kiran, and part of the Hamziyya by al-Busiri with the commentary of Ibn Hajar. He learned part of Khalil's Mukhtasar, ash-Shifa' by Qadi Iyad ibn Musa and part of al-Murshid al-Mu'in by Mayyara from Sidi Hammad as-Sanhaji. He also studied al-Murshid al-Mu'in from Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdu'r-Rahman al-Filali.

Teachings

He stopped his studies in 1901 and began voluntary instruction at the Qasba an-Nawwar mosque, teaching al-Murshid al-Mu'in, Khalil's Mukhtasar, the Muwatta of Imam Malik, as-Sanusiyya, and tafsir. He continued to undertake the tasks of his educational and secondary work until he immigrated to Meknès in 1936. There he continued his scholarly activity by giving lessons in the Zaytuna Mosque on tafsir and fiqh using the Risala of al-Qayrawani,^[7] and in tasawwuf using the Hikam, al-Murshid al-Mu'in, the ash-Shifa of Qadi Iyad, Bennani's commentary on Imam al-Akhdari's as-Sullam (a short poem on logic), and al-Makkudi's commentary on the Alfiyya of Ibn Malik, a 1000 lined poem on the sciences of the Arabic language.

His Ijazah & Journeys

Shaykh Sidi Badr ud-din ad-Dismishqi gave him a written ijazah in Damascus and he also received one from the Qadi of Tlemcen, Sidi Abu Shu'ayb, and oral ijazahs from Ahmad ibn al-Jilali al-Amghari, and Sidi Abu Bakr ibn al-'Arabi Bannani. In 1931 he went to Mecca for hajj and met with many scholars, including Shaykh Bakhit al-Muti'i and Shaykh as-Simaluti. In Syria he met Tawfiq al-Ayyubi and Badur'd-din ad-Dimishaqi. Later he travelled to Algiers and met Sidi Muhammad ibn Jalul and Sidi Ahmad in Blida, and Sidi Muhammad al-Qadi in the Oujda area. While there, he gave lessons on Sahih Bukhari and al-Murshid al-Mu'in with the commentary of Shaykh at-Tayyib ibn Kiran.

He left Meknès, in the company of his wives, intending to performing a third hajj in 1972, but died in Blida on January 10, 1972. He was buried in the same day in the Darqawi zawiya which he himself had inaugurated.^[8] On January 31 of the same year he was re-buried at Darb al-Pasha (Meknès), in his zawiya near the Zaytuna mosque.

Successors

At the time of his death he had given "Ijaza al-Mutlaq", unlimited authorization, to just two people, Shaykh Muhammad 'Bel Kurshi and Shaykh Fudul al-Huwari, with only the latter also receiving "Idhn" , Permission, to teach and spiritually train. Shaykh Fudul al-Huwari being an Individual of great humbleness considered the idea of himself as a Murshid as preposterous and would respond to requests for spiritual guidance with the exclamation, “I know my limits, and I could never fill the shoes of Shaykh Ibn al-Habib.”. Eventually, after two decades of this he finally relented and accepted Shaykh Hashim al-Balghiti as a Murid and he became the only person to receive Ijaza and Idhn from Shaykh Fudul al-Huwari, becoming his successor, as well as the first and only Murshid in the Habibi-Darqawi Tariqa since the death of Shaykh Muhammad ibn al-Habib. Several other individuals also claimed succession from Shaykh Muhammad ibn al-Habib but they were unanimously rejected.

Bibliography

Notes

1. ^The quite famous precis of grammar by Ibn Ajurrūm al-Sanhaji (d.1323)
2. ^A grammar treatise in "a thousand" verses by Jamal al-din Ibn Malik (d.1274)
3. ^Shamā'il al-rasūl ("The Beautiful Characteristics of the Prophet"), by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d.898)
4. ^"Precus" of Maliki law written by Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi (d.1365),
5. ^The Hikam (Sentences), written by Ibn 'Ata'llah, the third great master of the Shadili, who died in Cairo in 1310
6. ^A didactic poem on Maliki law by Abu'l Hasan Ali al-Tujibi (d.1506)
7. ^A treatise on Maliki law by Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (d.996)
8. ^That was in the Belqasim al-Wizri Street in Blida