| 词条 | Mullaitivu District | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mullaitivu District | native_name = {{lang|ta|முல்லைத்தீவு மாவட்டம்}} {{lang|si|මුලතිවු දිස්ත්රික්කය}} | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = Administrative District | image_skyline = Iranamadu Tank2.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = Iranamadu Tank | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | image_map = Mullaitivu district.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within Sri Lanka | image_map1 = Sri Lanka Mullaitivu District.jpg | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = DS and GN Divisions of Mullaitivu District, 2006 | coordinates = {{coord|09|14|N|80|32|E|type:adm2nd_region:LK-45|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Sri Lanka | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Northern | established_title = Created | established_date = September 1978 | seat_type = Capital | seat = Mullaitivu | parts_type = DS Division | parts_style = coll | p1 = Manthai East | p2 = Maritimepattu | p3 = Oddusuddan | p4 = Puthukudiyiruppu | p5 = Thunukkai | government_footnotes = | leader_title = District Secretary | leader_name = N. Vethanayagam | leader_title1 = MPs | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list | title = List | Selvam Adaikalanathan | Sivasakthy Ananthan | Rishad Bathiudeen | Hunais Farook | Muthali Bawa Farook | Vino Noharathalingam }} | leader_title2 = MPCs | leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list | title = List | A. L. Y. J. Cassim | Anton Jeyanathan | T. Raviharan | S. Sivamohan | K. Swami Veerabahu }} | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = [1] | area_total_km2 = 2617 | area_land_km2 = 2415 | area_water_km2 = 202 | area_water_percent = 7.72 | area_rank = 11th (3.99% of total area) | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = [2] | population_total = 91947 | population_rank = 25th (0.45% of total pop.) | population_as_of = 2012 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Ethnicity | demographics1_footnotes = (2012 census)[2] | demographics1_title1 = Sri Lankan Tamil | demographics1_info1 = 79,081 (86.01%) | demographics1_title2 = Sinhalese | demographics1_info2 = 8,851 (9.63%) | demographics1_title3 = Indian Tamil | demographics1_info3 = 2,182 (2.37%) | demographics1_title4 = Sri Lankan Moors | demographics1_info4 = 1,760 (1.91%) | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = 73 (0.08%) | demographics_type2 = Religion | demographics2_footnotes = (2012 census)[4] | demographics2_title1 = Hindu | demographics2_info1 = 69,628 (75.73%) | demographics2_title2 = Christian | demographics2_info2 = 11,989 (13.04%) | demographics2_title3 = Buddhist | demographics2_info3 = 8,155 (8.87%) | demographics2_title4 = Muslim | demographics2_info4 = 2,013 (2.19%) | demographics2_title5 = Other | demographics2_info5 = 162 (0.18%) | timezone1 = Sri Lanka | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | postal_code_type = Post Codes | postal_code = 42000-42999 | area_code_type = Telephone Codes | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = LK-45 | registration_plate = NP | blank_name_sec1 = Official Languages | blank_info_sec1 = Tamil, Sinhala | website = {{URL|1=http://www.mullaitivu.dist.gov.lk/|2=Mullaitivu District Secretariat}} | footnotes = }} Mullaitivu District ({{lang-ta|முல்லைத்தீவு மாவட்டம்}} Mullaittīvu Māvaṭṭam; {{lang-si|මුලතිවු දිස්ත්රික්කය}}) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is the town of Mullaitivu. HistoryParts of present-day Mullaitivu District was part of the pre-colonial Jaffna kingdom.[1] The district then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The district, which was then part of Vanni District, was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[2] Vanni District, together with Jaffna District and Mannar District, formed the new Northern Province.[3] Vanni District was later renamed Mullaitivu District and then Vavuniya District. The district was colonised in the second half of the 18th century by residents from Jaffna Peninsula, primarily from Alaveddy, Udupiddy and Navaly.[4] At the time that Ceylon gained independence, Vavuniya was one of the three districts located in the Northern Province. Mullaitivu District was carved out of the northern part of Vavuniya District together with parts of the then Jaffna District, Mannar District and Trincomalee District in September 1978. Mullaitivu District was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The district was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in early 2009. GeographyMullaitivu District is located in the north east of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an area of {{convert|2617|km2|sqmi}}.[5] Administrative unitsMullaitivu District is divided into 6 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent).[6] The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 136 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).[6]
DemographicsPopulationMullaitivu District's population was 91,947 in 2012.[2] The population of the district is mostly Sri Lankan Tamil. The population of the district, like the rest of the north and east of Sri Lanka, has been heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[9] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to India or to the West during the war.[10] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. Most of the Sri Lankan Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the district fled to other parts of Sri Lanka or were forcibly expelled by the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, though most of them have returned to the district since the end of the civil war. Ethnicity
Religion
Politics and governmentLocal governmentMullaitivu District has four local authorities all of which are Divisional Councils (Pradesha Sabhai or Pradeshiya Sabha).[6]
Notes{{Notelist|4}}References1. ^{{cite book|last=de Silva|first=K. M.|authorlink=K. M. de Silva|title=A History of Sri Lanka|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|pages=xvii|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=A_History_of_Srilanka}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Lennox A.|title=Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932)|year=1933|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|pages=67–68|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_British_Rule_%281795_-_1932%29}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Medis|first=G. C.|title=Ceylon Under the British|year=1946|publisher=The Colombo Apothecaries Co.|location=Colombo|pages=39–40|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ceylon_Under_the_British|edition=2nd (revised)}} 4. ^{{Cite book | last = Sivaratnam | first = C. | title = The Tamils in early Ceylon | date = 1968 | pages = 153 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hlocAAAAMAAJ&q=%22This+Vanni+district+was+peacefully+colonised+in+the%22&dq=%22This+Vanni+district+was+peacefully+colonised+in+the%22&hl=en&ei=7ifVS6X9E5KCsgP279H6CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Area of Sri Lanka by province and district|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190301/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-1.pdf|archivedate=2012-11-13|df=}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Statistical Information 2012|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/105082011/Statistical-Information-2012-Northern-Province|publisher=Northern Provincial Council}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Land area by province, district and divisional secretariat division|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-2-A.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190307/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP1/AB1-2-A.pdf|archivedate=2012-11-13|df=}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=A6 : Population by ethnicity and district according to Divisional Secretary's Division, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop32&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/20/2576543.htm |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=ABC News (Australia)}} 10. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3090111.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Twenty years on - riots that led to war | date=23 July 2003 | first=Frances | last=Harrison}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Statistical Information 2010|url=http://www.np.gov.lk/pdf/Statistical-Inofrmation-2010.pdf|publisher=Northern Provincial Council}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|title=Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 - Northern Province|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/EVE2011_FinalReport.pdf|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|title=A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190535/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-15.pdf|archivedate=2012-11-13|df=}} External links{{Commons category}}
3 : 1978 establishments in Sri Lanka|Districts of Sri Lanka|Mullaitivu District |
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