1. Motivation

2. History
    Time line, commercial multiseat software evolution 

3. Requirements
    Hardware requirements  Software requirements   GNU/Linux    Microsoft Windows    Virtualization-based setup  

4. Case studies
    World's largest multiseat computer deployment  Paraná Digital project  Michigan State University research in Tanzania  Notable installations 

5. See also

6. References

A multiseat, multi-station or multiterminal configuration is a single computer which supports multiple independent local users at the same time.

A "seat" consists of all hardware devices assigned to a specific workplace at which one user sits at and interacts with the computer. It consists of at least one graphics device (graphics card or just an output (e.g. HDMI/VGA/DisplayPort port) and the attached monitor/video projector) for the output and a keyboard and a mouse for the input. It can also include video cameras, sound cards and more.

Motivation

Since the 1960s computers have been shared between users. Especially in the early days of computing when computers were extremely expensive the usual paradigm was a central mainframe computer connected to numerous terminals. With the advent of personal computing this paradigm has been largely replaced by personal computers (or one computer per user).

Multiseat setups are a return to this multiuser paradigm but based around a PC which supports a number of zero-clients usually consisting of a terminal per user (screen, keyboard, mouse).

Multiseat setups are great for schools, libraries, and family computers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In some situations such multiseat are also cost-effective because it is not necessary to buy separate motherboards, microprocessors, RAM, hard disks and other components for each user. For example, buying one high speed CPU usually costs less than buying several slower CPUs.

History

In the 1970s, it was very commonplace to connect multiple computer terminals to a single mainframe computer, even graphical terminals. Early terminals were connected with RS-232 type serial connections, either directly, or through modems. With the advent of Internet Protocol based networking, it became possible for multiple users to log into a host using telnet or – for a graphic environment – an X Window System "server". These systems would retain a physically secure "root console" for system administration and direct access to the host machine.

Support for multiple consoles in a PC running the X interface was implemented in 2001 by Miguel Freitas, using the Linux operating system and the X11 graphical system (at the time maintained by XFree86).^[1] This was done using a patch in the display server to execute several instances of X at the same time such that each one captures specific mouse and keyboard events and the graphical content. This method received the name of multiseat or multiterminal.

In 2002 a Canadian company, Userful Corporation, released Userful Multiplier, a multiseat Linux software solution that enables up to 10 users to simultaneously share one computer.^[2] Earlier they worked on a kernel-based approach to a multi-station platform computer, but abandoned the idea due to a problem with multiple video card support.

Other solutions appeared in 2003, such Svetoslav Slavtchev, Aivils Stoss and James Simmons worked, with the evdev and Faketty^[3][4] approach modifying the kernel Linux and letting more than one user independently use the same machine. In that time, the Linux Console Project^[5] also proposed an idea to use multiple independent consoles and then multiple independent keyboards and mice in a project called "Backstreet Ruby".^[6] Backstreet Ruby is a kernel patch for the Linux kernel. It is a back port to Linux-2.4 of the Ruby kernel tree. The aim of the Linux Console developers is to enhance and reorganize the input, the console and the framebuffer subsystems in the Linux kernel, so they can work independent from each other and to allow multi-desktop operation. The Backstreet Ruby idea was never finished.

In 2005, the C3SL team (Center for Scientific Computing and Free Software),^[7] from the Federal University of Parana in Brazil, created a solution based on nested display servers, such as Xnest and Xephyr.^[8] With this solution, each nested display server runs in each screen of a host display server (e.g. Xorg) and a modification to the nested servers let each one exclusively acquire its mouse and keyboard. In 2008, the C3SL group released the Multiseat Display Manager (MDM)^[9] to ease the process of installation and configuration of a multiseat box. This group, also in 2008, conceived a live-CD^[10] for test purposes.

Automatic multiseat with USB docking stations is a feature of Fedora 17.^[11][12]

Time line, commercial multiseat software evolution

• 1990, Solbourne cg30 running SunOS
• 1996-2005, Silicon Graphics InfiniteReality running Irix
• 1996, ThinSoft/BeTwin
• 1999, [https://www.ibik.ru/ Ibik/Aster]
• 2002, Userful Corporation
• 2004, Open-Sense Solutions (Groovix)^[13]
• 2006, NComputing
• 2010, Windows MultiPoint Server
• 2011, Black Box VirtuaCore
• 2013, LISTEQ BoXedVDI^[14]

Requirements

Hardware requirements

Each monitor will need to be connected to a graphics output from a video card. For example, to make a four-head (four users), would require four monitors, four keyboards, four mice and two dual or one quad output video card. USB keyboards and mice are typically recommended instead of PS/2 connections, as they can be connected to a USB hub. Additional devices and peripherals such as cameras, flash storage drives, card readers and touch screens could also be assigned to each seat. An alternative to multiple physical video cards and connections is DisplayLink over USB.

Software requirements

GNU/Linux

The VT system in the Linux kernel dates back to 1993 and does not understand the concept of multiple "seats". kmscon and systemd-consoled do.

There are different solutions to set up a multiseat and others are constantly being developed. The X.Org Foundation maintains a wiki page with the latest news concerning the solutions.^[15] Currently the most pointed solutions by X.Org's wiki are the solutions using either multiple Xephyr servers with deprecated evdev support^[16] over a host Xorg, or run several instances of Xorg using multiple video devices. It is quite easy to configure popular distributions such as Ubuntu to provide multiseat environments as documented on the Ubuntu MultiseatX wiki page.^[17][18][19]

The xinput utility is a recent universal command-line alternative^[20] utilizing Multi-pointer-X that duplicates mouse pointers (one keyboard for each mouse pointer) in an existing Xorg session.

The Multi-seat Display Manager^[21] automseat tool^[22] is an open source tool which helps to automatize the process of installation and configuration. Users that want to try multiseat are encouraged to try such a tool and avoid the old and hard way to set it up through these howtos (evdev, Xephyr), as stated by foundation's wiki page.^[15] On the other hand, MDM suffers from lack of updates and releases beyond the initial announcement.^[23][24] Another open source tool that aims to help simplify the creation of multiseat, mainly for the Ubuntu distribution, is the Bicefalo wizard.^[25]

Microsoft Windows

For Windows 2000, XP and Vista operating systems, there are several commercial products to implement multiseat configurations for two or more seats.

Windows MultiPoint Server 2010 was announced on February 24, 2010. It uses Remote Desktop (Terminal Services) technologies in Windows Server 2008 R2.

Virtualization-based setup

Instead of relying on operating system support for multiseat configuration, a hypervisor can be configured to run multiple virtual machines, each configured to interface one connected seat by I/O virtualization methods. Input devices can be attached to the virtual machines through USB Redirection, and entire GPUs can be attached through Intel VT-d.

The YouTube channel LinusTechTips have demonstrated virtualization-based 2-seat, 7-seat and 10-seat systems which each seat have exclusive control of one virtual machine running on the system, complete with one high-end graphics card connected to each virtual machine, making the system capable of hosting demanding video game sessions at full quality simultaneously on all seats.

Case studies

World's largest multiseat computer deployment

In February, 2009, The Brazil Ministry of Education committed to deploy 350,000 Linux-based multiseat computing stations in more than 45,000 rural and urban schools across the country. The chosen companies to implement this project were the Canadian multiseat Linux software company Userful Corporation, and its Brazilian IT partner ThinNetworks.^[29]

Paraná Digital project

One of multiterminal's successful cases is happening at Paraná Digital project. It is creating multiterminal laboratories on 2000 public schools of the state of Paraná (Brazil). More than 1.5 million users will benefit from the 40,000 terminals when the project is finished. The laboratories have four-head multiterminals running Debian. The cost of all the hardware is 50% less than the normal price, and there is absolutely no cost with software. This project developer is C3SL ([https://web.archive.org/web/20061105215933/http://www.c3sl.ufpr.br/en/ Center for Scientific Computing and Free Software]).

Michigan State University research in Tanzania

Since 2008, electrical and computer engineering students from Michigan State University have installed multiterminal systems with internet access in three schools in Mto wa Mbu, Tanzania. The purpose of the project is to study the impact of having computer systems with internet access in an education system that cannot afford other educational resources such as books. The computer systems run Ubuntu 8.04 32-bit and utilize the open source Multiseat Display Manager created by [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105215933/http://www.c3sl.ufpr.br/en/ C3SL]. The research will eventually be used to present to government officials of third world countries in effort to showcase the positive impact of having cost-effective computing systems in schools. The project is sponsored by George and Vickie Rock and the Dow Chemical Company.^[30][31][32]

Notable installations

• Userful announced a deployment of 356,800 Linux-based virtual desktops in Brazil (February 2009)^[33]
• NComputing provided 180,000 one to one computing seats for K–12 students in the country of Macedonia^[34]

See also

• Computer multitasking
• evdev
• Dumb terminal
• Linux Terminal Server Project
• Mainframe
• Multi-monitor
• Multiseat desktop virtualization
• Multi-user
• NComputing
• Ndiyo
• Time-sharing
• Userful
• Black Box VirtuaCore
• Windows MultiPoint
• X Window System
• X.Org Server
• Xephyr
• Xnest
• Multi-Pointer X

References

• Yuexiu Park
• Yuexiu Park Station
• Yuexiu Shan
• Yuexiushan
• Yuexiu Stadium
• Yueyahu
• Yueyahu Subdistrict
• Yueyahu Township
• Yue Yang
• Yueyang Airport
• Yueyang East Railway Station
• Yueyang-Linwu Expressway
• Yueyang Museum
• Yueyang Sanhe (airport)
• Yueyang–Linwu Expressway
• Yue yao
• Yueyao
• Yue Yi-chin
• Yue Yi Fat
• Yue Yiqin
• Yue Yizhong
• Yue Yuan
• Yue Yuan (tennis)
• Yue Yunpeng
• Yue, Zhang