| 释义 |
- See also Anomalous Dispersion Isomorphous Replacement Other
- References Further reading
- External links Computer programs Tutorials and examples
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem.[1]MAD was developed by Wayne Hendrickson while working as a postdoctoral researcher under Jerome Karle at the United States Naval Research Laboratory.[2] The mathematics upon which MAD (and progenitor Single wavelength anomalous dispersion) were based were developed by Jerome Karle, work for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (along with Herbert Hauptman). See also Anomalous Dispersion - Multi-wavelength Anomalous Dispersion (MAD)
- Single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD)
Isomorphous Replacement Two methods for providing the needed phasing information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals: - Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR); and
- Single isomorphous replacement with anomalous signal (SIRAS)
Other References 1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hendrickson W, Ogata C |title=Phase determination from multiwavelength anomalous diffraction measurements |journal=Methods in Enzymology|volume=276 |pages=494–523 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76074-9 |isbn=978-0-12-182177-7}}
2. ^{{cite journal |author=Hendrickson WA |year=1985 |title=Analysis of Protein Structure from Diffraction Measurement at Multiple Wavelengths |journal=Transactions of the ACA |volume=21}}
Further reading- {{cite journal |author=Hendrickson WA |year=1985 |title=Analysis of Protein Structure from Diffraction Measurement at Multiple Wavelengths |journal=Transactions of the ACA |volume=21}}
- {{cite journal |author=Karle J |year=1980 |title=Some Developments in Anomalous Dispersion for the Structural Investigation of Macromolecular Systems in Biology |journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry: Quantum Biology Symposium |volume=7 |pages=357–367|doi=10.1002/qua.560180734}}
- {{cite journal |author=Karle J |year=1989 |title=Linear Algebraic Analyses of Structures with One Predominant Type of Anomalous Scatterer |journal= Acta Crystallographica A|volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=303–307| doi = 10.1107/s0108767388013042 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Pahler A, Smith JL, Hendrickson WA |year=1990 |title=A Probability Representation for Phase Information from Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion |journal=Acta Crystallographica A|volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=537–540| doi = 10.1107/s0108767390002379 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Terwilliger TC |year=1994 |title=MAD Phasing: Bayesian Estimates of FA |journal=Acta Crystallographica D|volume=50 |pages=11–16|doi=10.1107/s0907444993008224 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Terwilliger TC |year=1994 |title=MAD Phasing: Treatment of Dispersive Differences as Isomorphous Replacement Information |journal= Acta Crystallographica D|volume=50 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=17–23|doi=10.1107/s0907444993008236 |pmid=15299472}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Fourme R, Shepard W, Kahn R, l'Hermite G, de La Sierra IL |year=1995 |title=The Multiwavelength Anomalous Solvent Contrast (MASC) Method in Macrocolecular Crystallography |journal= Journal of Synchrotron Radiation|volume=2 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=36–48 |doi=10.1107/S0909049594006680|pmid=16714785 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=de la Fortelle E, Bricogne G |year=1997 |title=Maximum-Likelihood Heavy-Atom Parameter Refinement for Multiple Isomorphous Replacement and Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction Methods |journal=Methods in Enzymology |volume=276 |pages=472–494 |doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76073-7 |pmid=27799110 |series=Methods in Enzymology |isbn=978-0-12-182177-7}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Hendrickson WA, Ogata CM |year=1997 |title=Phase Determination from Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction Measurements |journal=Methods in Enzymology |volume=276 |pages=494–523 |doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76074-9 |pmid=27799111 |series=Methods in Enzymology |isbn=978-0-12-182177-7}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Bella J, Rossmann MG |year=1998 |title=A General Phasing Algorithm for Multiple MAD and MIR Data |journal=Acta Crystallographica D|volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=159–174 | doi = 10.1107/s0907444997010469 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Guss JM, Merritt EA, Phizackerley RP, Hedman B, Murata M, Hodgson KO, Freeman HC |author6-link=Keith Hodgson |author7-link=Hans Freeman |year=1989 |title=Phase determination by multiple-wavelength X-ray diffraction: crystal structure of a basic blue copper protein from cucumbers |journal=Science |volume=241 |pages=806–811 |pmid=3406739 |doi=10.1126/science.3406739 |issue=4867|bibcode = 1988Sci...241..806G }}
External links- MAD phasing — an in depth tutorial with examples, illustrations, and references.
- HHMI Bio for Wayne Hendrickson
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120328092944/http://convex.hhmi.columbia.edu/2010/wayne.html Wayne Hendrickson Home Page]
- [https://archive.is/20121211120801/http://convex.hhmi.columbia.edu/2010/research.html Hendrickson Laboratory Summary of Research]
- Jerome Karl Nobel Biography
- NRL Recognition of Nobel Prize
Computer programs- The SSRL Absorption Package — {{cite journal |vauthors=Brennan S, Cowan PL |year=1992 |title=A suite of programs for calculating x-ray absorption, reflection and diffraction performance for a variety of materials at arbitrary wavelengths |journal= Review of Scientific Instruments|volume=63 |page=850 |doi=10.1063/1.1142625|bibcode = 1992RScI...63..850B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231838/files/article.pdf }}
- CHOOCH — {{cite journal |vauthors=Evans G, Pettifer RF |year=2001 |title=CHOOCH: a program for deriving anomalous-scattering factors from X-ray fluorescence spectra |journal= Journal of Applied Crystallography|volume=34 |pages=82–86 |doi=10.1107/S0021889800014655}}
- Shake-and-Bake (SnB) — {{cite journal |vauthors=Smith GD, Nagar B, Rini JM, Hauptman HA, Blessing RH |year=1998 |title=The use of Snb to determine an anomalous scattering substructure |journal= Acta Crystallographica D|volume=54 |pages=799–804 |pmid=9757093 |doi=10.1107/S0907444997018805 |issue=Pt 5}}
- SHELX — {{cite book |author=Sheldrick GM |year=1998 |chapter=SHELX: applications to macromolecules |title=Direct methods for solving macromolecular structures |editor=S Fortier |pages=401–411 |publisher=Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=0-7923-4949-0}}
Tutorials and examples- {{cite web |title=The method of Multiple wavelength Anomalous Diffraction using Synchrotron Radiation at optimal X-ray energies: Application to Protein Crystallography |first=Gwyndaf |last=Evans |work=PhD Thesis |date=October 1994 |publisher=University of Warwick |url=http://www.gwyndafevans.co.uk/thesis-html/thesis.html}}
1 : Crystallography |