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词条 Murarai I
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Geography

  3. Demographics

     Population  Literacy  Language and religion 

  4. Rural poverty

  5. Economy

     Livelihood  Infrastructure  Agriculture  Other sectors  Backward Regions Grant Fund 

  6. Transport

  7. Education

  8. Healthcare

  9. References

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Murarai I
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
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|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = West Bengal
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = Birbhum
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = Birbhum
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = Murarai
|leader_title =
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|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 175.51
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|population_as_of = 2011
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|population_total = 190,802
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = IST
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|coordinates = {{coord|24.376889|N|87.851111|E|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes =
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|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 731219 (Murarai)
|area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
|area_code = 03465
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 55.67 per cent
|website = http://birbhum.nic.in/
|footnotes =
}}

Murarai I is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Overview

Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient Rarh region. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The area has mostly loose reddish lateritic low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the Ajay, Bakreshwar, Mayurakshi and Brahmani, have soft alluvial soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.[1] From 1977 onwards majorland reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.[2] In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.[1] The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.[3] Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as Jaydev Kenduli and Chandidas Nanoor, is home to Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan, having close association with two Nobel laureates – Rabindranath Tagore and Amartya Sen.[4]

Geography

Chatra, a constituent panchayat of Murarai I block, is located at {{coord|24.376889|N|87.851111|E|}}.

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=450| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|02|14|N|87|42|28|E}}| float=left|caption=CD Blocks in Birbhum district of West Bengal
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|mark-coord1={{coord|24|28|26|N|87|51|4|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Murarai I| mark-title1=Murarai I|label-color1=#800000
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|31|30|N|87|53|33|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Murarai II|mark-title2=Murarai II
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|21|55|N|87|48|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Nalhati I |mark-title3=Nalhati I
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|18|50|N|87|50|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Nalhati II |mark-title4=Nalhati II
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|12|14|N|87|43|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Rampurhat I |mark-title5=Rampurhat I
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|8|34|N|87|49|56|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Rampurhat II |mark-title6=Rampurhat II
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|4|50|N|87|48|27|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Mayureswar I |mark-title7=Mayureswar I
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|14|N|87|46|28|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Mayureswar II |mark-title8=Mayureswar II
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|2|31|N|87|33|17|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Mohammad Bazar |mark-title9=Mohammad Bazar
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|54|38|N|87|44|07|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sainthia |mark-title10=Sainthia
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|44|33|N|87|38|34|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Bolpur Sriniketan |mark-title11=Bolpur Sriniketan
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|50|37|N|87|50|44|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Labpur |mark-title12=Labpur
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|52|2|E}} | label-pos13=bottom|label13=Nanoor |mark-title13=Nanoor
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|54|46|N|87|26|38|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Suri I |mark-title14=Suri I
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|51|19|N|87|34|31|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Suri II |mark-title15=Suri II
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|49|0|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16=Dubrajpur |mark-title16=Dubrajpur
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|38|0|N|87|29|0|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Ilambazar |mark-title17=ilambazar
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|58|0|N|87|19|0|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Rajnagar |mark-title18=Rajnagar
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Murarai I Block is part of the Nalhati Plain, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions occupying the northern portion of Birbhum district. There are hills along the western boundary with Jharkhand. These are extensions of Rajmahal hills.[5]

Murarai I CD Block is bounded by Pakur CD Block, in Pakur district of Jharkhand, on the north, Murarai II CD Block on the east, Nalhati I CD Block on the south and Maheshpur CD Block in Pakur district of Jharkhand on the west.[6]

Murarai I CD Block has an area of 175.51 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 7 gram panchayats, 87 gram sansads (village councils), 85 mouzas and 80 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook, Birbhum, 2008. Murarai police station serves this block.[7] Headquarters of this CD Block is at Murarai.[8]

Gram panchayats of Murarai I block/panchayat samiti are: Chatra, Dumurgram, Gorsha, Mohurapur, Murarai, Palsa and Rajgram.[9]

Demographics

Population

As per the 2011 Census of India, Murarai I CD Block had a total population of 190,802, of which 167,941 were rural and 22,861 were urban. here were 97,510 (51%) males and 93,292 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 30,514. Scheduled Castes numbered 46,932 (24.60%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 8,708 (4.56%).[10]

As per 2001 census, Murarai I block had a total population of 154,282, out of which 79,193 were males and 75,087 were females. Murarai I block registered a population growth of 25.90 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.[11] Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.[12]

Census Towns in Murarai I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Murarai (5,770), Barua Gopalpur (6,614) and Ambhua (10,477).[10]

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Murarai I CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Birnagar (4,699), Mahurapur (5,348), Santoshpur (4,910), Gorsa (7,964), Rajgram (8,378), Palsa (5,417), Dhitora (9,081), Ramchandrapur (5,226), Bhadiswar (7,723) and Dumurgram (8,335).[10]

Other villages in Murarai I CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Chatra (2,733).[10]

Literacy

As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Murarai I CD Block was 89,238 (55.67% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 49,620 (60.47% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 39,628 (50.66% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 9.81%.[10]

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Birbhum district|collapsible=y}}

Language and religion

As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has increased its share from 90.5% of the population of Birbhum district in 1961 to 91.9% in 2001, Santali has decreased from 6.9% in 1961 to 5.9% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were: Hindi (1.2%), Khortha/ Khotta (0.3%), Koda/Kora (0.2%), Telugu (0.1%) and Kurukh/ Oraon (0.1%).[13]

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Murarai I CD Block
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=
|float=right
|bars={{bar percent|Muslim|Green|58.92}}{{bar percent|Hindu|Orange|40.58}}{{bar percent|Christian|Blue|0.25}}{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|0.24}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 112,429 and formed 58.92% of the population in Murarai I CD Block. Hindus numbered 77,428 and formed 40.58% of the population. Christians numbered 485 and formed 0.25% of the population. Others numbered 460 and formed 0.24% of the population.[14]

The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.[15]

Rural poverty

As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of BPL households in Murarai I CD Block was 50.2%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)[16]

Economy

Livelihood

{{Pie chart
|caption= Livelihood
in Murarai I CD Block
|value1 = 11.80
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 41.66
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 10.48
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 36.06
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Murarai I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,792 and formed 11.80%, agricultural labourers numbered 27,508 and formed 41.66%, household industry workers numbered 6,917 and formed 10.48% and other workers numbered 23,806 and formed 36.06%.[17] Total workers numbered 66,023 and formed 34.60% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 124,779 and formed 65.40% of the population.[18]

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.[19]

Infrastructure

There are 76 inhabited villages in Murarai I CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 76 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 20 villages (26.32%) have post offices. 72 villages (94.74%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 30 villages (39.47%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 26 villages (34.21%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 10 villages (13.16%) have agricultural credit societies and 6 villages (7.89%) have banks.[20]

Agriculture

Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004-05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Murarai I CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 1,987 (4.95%), patta (document) holders 6,382 (15.88%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 5,602 (13.94%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 8,500 (21.15%) and agricultural labourers 17,710 (44.08%).[21]

Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009-10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.[22][23]

Other sectors

According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.[24]

The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”[25]

Backward Regions Grant Fund

Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.[26][27]

Transport

{{Khana-Barharwa section|collapse=y}}

The Khana-Barharwa section of Sahibganj loop passes through this block. There are stations at Rajgram, Banshlai Bridge, Murarai and Chatra.[28]

SH 7, running from Rajgram to Midnapore, passes through Murarai and Bhadiswar Road/ Raghunathpur-Murarai Road links Murarai to National Highway 114A at Umarpur.[29]

Education

As per the 2011 census, in Murarai I CD Block, amongst the 76 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 25 villages had more than 1 primary school, 37 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 5 villages had senior secondary schools. There was a degree college of arts, science and commerce in Murarai I CD Block.[30]

Kabi Nazrul College was established at Murarai in 1985.[31][32]Murarai Government Polytechnic was established at Murarai in 2015.[33]

Healthcare

As per 2011 census, in Murarai I CD Block, 2 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had primary health centres, 20 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had a veterninary hospital, 6 villages had medicine shops and out of the 76 inhabited villages 41 villages had no medical facilities.[34]

Murarai Rural Hospital at Murarai has 50 beds. There are primary health centres at Rajgram (10 beds) and Chatra (6 beds).[35][36][37]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work= (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33|publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | accessdate = 7 August 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Tehsil Map of Birbhum |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf|title = District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 11 December 2017 }}
9. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Birbhum - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 17 December 2017}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 December 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8) |accessdate=2011-10-10 |last= |first= |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archivedate=2011-07-19 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |accessdate= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}
13. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 48: Mother-tongue | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 25 December 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 47: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 14 December 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum |work = Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85 | publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 28 December 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 28 December 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 28 December 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 28 December 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 19 January 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title=District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood | work= Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05 |publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | accessdate = 20 January 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 19 January 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title=District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood | work= Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95 |publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | accessdate = 20 January 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title=District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood | work= Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93 |publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | accessdate = 20 January 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title=District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood | work= Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78 |publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | accessdate = 20 January 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| accessdate = 22 January 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-barharwa-passenger-53063/14297/2/1381 | title= 53063 Bardhaman-Barharwa Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}
29. ^Google maps
30. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web| url = http://kabinazrulcollege.org/ |title = Kabi Nazrul College | publisher= KNC | accessdate = 9 February 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KabiNazrulCollege/Kabi_Nazrul_College.shtml |title = Kabi Nazrul College | publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 9 February 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.way2college.com/colleges/birbhum/murarai-government-polytechnic |title = Murarai Government Polytechnic | publisher= way2college | accessdate = 9 February 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 22 January 2018}}
35. ^{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 January 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 January 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 January 2018}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}{{Birbhum topics}}

1 : Community development blocks in Birbhum district
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