| 词条 | Musa Anter |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Musa Anter | nickname = Apê Musa ("Uncle Musa") | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1920 | birth_place = Nusaybin, Ottoman Empire | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = September 20, 1992 | death_place = Diyarbakır, Turkey | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Writer, political activist | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | religion = | denomination = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website = | footnotes = | box_width = }}Musa Anter (1920 in Nusaybin – September 20, 1992 in Diyarbakır), also known as "Ape Musa" ({{lang-ku|Apê Musa}}, literally "Uncle Musa"), was a Kurdish dissident writer and activist.[1][2] He was a prominent Kurdish writer, journalist and intellectual and was assassinated by Turkish JITEM in September 1992.[3][4][5] BiographyHe was born in the Eskimağara (in Kurdish:Ziving) village (Nusaybin District of the Mardin Province). He completed his primary education in Mardin, and then studied at junior and senior high school in Adana. When he was a student, he had been to Syria during his summer holidays and got acquaintance with Kurdish nationalist intellectuals[6] such as Celadet and Kamuran Bedir Khan, Kadri and Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Dr. Nafiz, Nuri Zaza, Nuri Dersimi, Qedrîcan, Osman Sabri, Haco Agha and his son Hasan, Emînê Perîxanê's son Şikriye Emîn, Mala Elyê Unus, Teufo Ciziri and Cigerxwîn.[7] In June 1990 he was one of the 81 founding members of the People's Labor Party.[8] AssassinationAnter was shot at a festival in 1992, in an incident in which Orhan Miroğlu was seriously injured. Some Turkish sources claimed that Abdülkadir Aygan, who was PKK militant and surrendered in 1985,[9] then recruited as part of the first staff of JİTEM (the Turkish Gendarmerie's Intelligence and Counter-terrorism Service),[9] had said he had been part of a JİTEM unit, along with a "Hamit" from Şırnak, which had assassinated Musa Anter.[10] Other Turkish sources claimed that the perpetrator was PKK defector Murat Ipek who received orders from the Turkish state's contract killer Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil") ,[11] or Yeşil himself.[12] After long investigations, Turkish Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism was found guilty of Anter's assassination and Turkey was fined related to his murder in 2006 by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), who sentenced Turkey to a fine of 28,500 Euros.[5] A Diyarbakır court in 2013 allegedly charged four individuals with Anter's murder, including Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil") and Abdülkadir Aygan.[13] References1. ^{{cite book|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity|url=https://books.google.fi/books?id=T0ryM_xe9UIC&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=musa+anter+kurdish&source=bl&ots=hMMfiMarRW&sig=98SeGunZ4Jina4iRE-wRZAg9mBE&hl=fi&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN-PGYgMvLAhUsEJoKHZ3wCbUQ6AEIYjAN#v=onepage&q=musa%20anter%20kurdish&f=false|accessdate=18 March 2016}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=A. Hunsicker|title=The Fine Art of Executive Protection: Handbook for the Executive Protection Officer|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58112-984-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxDyGK-iLiYC&pg=PA67&dq=%22Dissident++Kurdish-Turkish+Activist+and+Writer%22&hl=en&ei=5X4_TpL9JIeNmQWb6eHoBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Dissident%20%20Kurdish-Turkish%20Activist%20and%20Writer%22&f=false|page=67}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=David Romero|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization, and Identity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-85041-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0ryM_xe9UIC&pg=PA135&dq=%22Musa+Anter+(a+Kurdish+nationalist+intellectual+mysteriously+murdered+in+1992%22&hl=en&ei=CHs_TuDjLdGgmQWhsOyXCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Musa%20Anter%20(a%20Kurdish%20nationalist%20intellectual%20mysteriously%20murdered%20in%201992%22&f=false|page=135}} 4. ^{{cite web|author=Amnesty International|date=September 1992|title=Kurdish Writer Musa Anter, 74, Murdered|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/192000/eur440931992en.pdf|accessdate=December 2015}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|author=Duvakli, Melik|date=27 August 2008|title=JİTEM’s illegal actions cost Turkey a fortune|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=151355|work=Today's Zaman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143652/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=151355|archivedate=June 6, 2012|deadurl=y|accessdate=December 9, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web|first=Ahmet B.|last= Ercilasun|date=July 21, 2010|title=Gaflet|trans-title=Heedlessness|url=http://www.yg.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/yazargoster.php?haber=14162 |work=Yeniçağ [New Age]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227105809/http://www.yg.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/yazargoster.php?haber=14162|archivedate=December 27, 2013|deadurl=y|accessdate=December 9, 2015}}{{Tr icon}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Anter|first=Musa (1992, digitized 2007)|title=Hatıralarım|volume=2|publisher=Doz Basım ve Yayıncılık|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=44s_Tp6GFePMmAX6tvnmBw&ct=result&sqi=2&id=E-8tAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Musa+Anter%22+%22+Kamuran+Bedirhan%22&q=Kamuran+Bedirhan%22#search_anchor|page=123}}{{Tr icon}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Activists in Office|last=Watts|first=Nicole F.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2010|isbn=9780295990491|location=|pages=64}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|first=Ümit|last=Cizre|author-link=Ümit Cizre|title=Democratic Oversight and Reform of the Security Sector in Turkey: 2005/2006 Status Report|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2007|isbn=978-3-03735-234-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiydwRhDKQ4C&pg=PA244&dq=%22Abd%C3%BClkadir+Aygan,+who+was+a+PKK+militant,+surrendered+in+1985+to+become+a+shriver+and+put+in+the+%27Shriver+Ward%27+%22&hl=en&ei=loQ_TqHdHvD1mAWOyNmECA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Abd%C3%BClkadir%20Aygan%2C%20who%20was%20a%20PKK%20militant%2C%20surrendered%20in%201985%20to%20become%20a%20shriver%20and%20put%20in%20the%20%27Shriver%20Ward%27%20%22&f=false|page=244}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/2008/08/25/haber,C3735BB84B9D496D963C3646A8B0A5EB.html|title=Suikastların adresi hep JİTEM'e çıkıyor|date=August 25, 2008|work=Sabah|language=Turkish|first=Ferhat|last=Ünlü|quote=Sonra da bildiğiniz gibi Şırnaklı Hamit infaz etti Anter'i. [Then, as you also know Şırnak Hamid Anter was executed.]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025080512/http://sabah.com.tr/2008/08/25/haber,C3735BB84B9D496D963C3646A8B0A5EB.html|archivedate=October 25, 2008|deadurl=y|accessdate=December 9, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Susurluk|date=February 11, 1997|url=http://www.ozgurluk.org/contrind/brochu/part2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980214111302/http://www.ozgurluk.org/contrind/brochu/part2.html|archivedate=February 14, 1998|work=Ozgur Politika|deadurl=yes|accessdate=December 8, 2008|df=}}{{Tr icon}} 12. ^{{cite news|first=Melik|last=Duvakli|date=January 3, 2009|title=JİTEM behind Anter and Aydın murders, claims Kurdish group|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=163093&bolum=101|quote=In a statement to the Diyarbakır Police Department in 1994, PKK informant Muhsin Gül said both Aydın and Anter were killed by Mahmut Yıldırım...|work=Today's Zaman|accessdate=December 9, 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^{{cite web|title=JİTEM list provided in Anter murder trial to be kept confidential|url=http://todayszaman.com/news-328485-jitem-list-provided-in-anter-murder-trial-to-be-kept-confidential.html|work=Today's Zaman|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=December 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030194747/http://www.todayszaman.com//news-328485-jitem-list-provided-in-anter-murder-trial-to-be-kept-confidential.html|archive-date=2013-10-30|dead-url=yes|df=}} External links
11 : 1920 births|Assassinated Kurdish journalists|Assassinated Turkish journalists|People from Nusaybin|Istanbul University alumni|Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni|Kurdish writers|Turkish Kurdish people|Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights|European Court of Human Rights cases involving Turkey|1992 deaths |
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