| 词条 | Music genre | ||
| 释义 |
}} A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions.[1] It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.[2]{{Failed verification|date=December 2014}} Recently, academics have argued that categorizing music by genre is inaccurate and outdated.[3] Music can be divided into different genres in many different ways. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap. There are even varying academic definitions of the term genre itself. In his book Form in Tonal Music, Douglass M. Green distinguishes between genre and form. He lists madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, and dance as examples of genres from the Renaissance period. To further clarify the meaning of genre, Green writes, "Beethoven's Op. 61 and Mendelssohn's Op. 64 are identical in genre – both are violin concertos – but different in form. However, Mozart's Rondo for Piano, K. 511, and the Agnus Dei from his Mass, K. 317 are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form."[4] Some, like Peter van der Merwe, treat the terms genre and style as the same, saying that genre should be defined as pieces of music that share a certain style or "basic musical language."[5] Others, such as Allan F. Moore, state that genre and style are two separate terms, and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres.[6] A music genre or subgenre may also be defined by the musical techniques, the style, the cultural context, and the content and spirit of the themes. Geographical origin is sometimes used to identify a music genre, though a single geographical category will often include a wide variety of subgenres. Timothy Laurie argues that since the early 1980s, "genre has graduated from being a subset of popular music studies to being an almost ubiquitous framework for constituting and evaluating musical research objects".[7] Among the criteria often used to classify musical genres are the trichotomy of art, popular, and traditional musics. Alternatively, music can be divided on three variables: arousal, valence, and depth.[3] Arousal reflects the energy level of the music; valence reflects the scale from sad to happy emotions, and depth reflects the level of emotional depth in the music.[3] These three variables help explain why many people like similar songs from different traditionally segregated genres.[3] Musicologists have sometimes classified music according to a trichotomic distinction such as Philip Tagg's "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics".[8] He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria.[8] Art music{{Main|Art music}}{{See also|List of art music traditions}}The term art music refers primarily to classical traditions, including both contemporary and historical classical music forms. Art music exists in many parts of the world. It emphasizes formal styles that invite technical and detailed deconstruction[9] and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In Western practice, art music is considered primarily a written musical tradition,[10] preserved in some form of music notation rather than being transmitted orally, by rote, or in recordings, as popular and traditional music usually are.[10][11] Historically, most western art music has been written down using the standard forms of music notation that evolved in Europe, beginning well before the Renaissance and reaching its maturity in the Romantic period. The identity of a "work" or "piece" of art music is usually defined by the notated version rather than by a particular performance, and is primarily associated with the composer rather than the performer (though composers may leave performers with some opportunity for interpretation or improvisation). This is so particularly in the case of western classical music. Art music may include certain forms of jazz, though some feel that jazz is primarily a form of popular music. Sacred Christian music forms an important part of the classical music tradition and repertoire, but can also be considered to have an identity of its own.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Popular music{{Main|Popular music}}Popular music, unlike art music, is (1) conceived for mass distribution to large and often socioculturally heterogeneous groups of listeners, (2) stored and distributed in non-written form, (3) only possible in an industrial monetary economy where it becomes a commodity and (4) in capitalist societies, subject to the laws of 'free' enterprise ... it should ideally sell as much as possible.[8] Popular music is found on most commercial and public service radio stations, in most commercial music retailers and department stores, and in movie and television soundtracks. It is noted on the Billboard charts and, in addition to singer-songwriters and composers, it involves music producers more than other genres do. The distinction between classical and popular music has sometimes been blurred in marginal areas[12] such as minimalist music and light classics. Background music for films/movies often draws on both traditions. In this respect, music is like fiction, which likewise draws a distinction between literary fiction and popular fiction that is not always precise. Country music{{Main|Country music}}Country music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. Polka{{Main|Polka}}The polka is originally a Czech dance and genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. Rock music{{Main|Rock music}}Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the early 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Hip hop musicMain Article: Hip hop musicHip Hop Music, also referred to as hip hop or rap music, is a genre of music that was started in the United States of America, specifically the South Bronx in the New York City, New York, by African-American youth from the inner-cities during the 1970s. The term hip hop music can be defined as a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping,[13] a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted.[14] Hip hop music derives from the hip hop culture itself, including four key elements, those being emceeing(MCing)/rapping, Disc jockeying(DJing) with turntablism, break dancing and graffiti art. Religious music{{Main|Religious music}}Religious music (also sacred music) is music performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence. Traditional music{{Main|Traditional music}}Traditional music is a modern name for what has been called "folk music", excluding the expansion of the term folk music to include much non-traditional material. Sometimes "folk" is designated for Western music and non-Western music is considered "world music". The two are both unified as traditional music due to:
Automatic categorization{{Expand section|date=February 2014}}Automatic methods of musical similarity detection, based on data mining and co-occurrence analysis, have been developed in order to classify music titles for electronic music distribution.[15] Emergence of new genres and subgenres{{catmore|Fusion (music)}}New genres can arise by the development of new forms and styles of music and also simply by creating a new categorization. Although it is conceivable to create a musical style with no relation to existing genres, new styles usually appear under the influence of preexisting genres. The genealogy of musical genres expresses, often in the form of a written chart, the way in which new genres have developed under the influence of older ones. If two or more existing genres influence the emergence of a new one, a fusion between them can be said to have taken place. The proliferation of popular music in the 20th century has led to over 1,200 definable subgenres of music. See also
References1. ^Samson, Jim. "Genre". In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed March 4, 2012. }}2. ^{{cite web|author=Janice Wong|year=2011|title=Visualising Music: The Problems with Genre Classification|url=http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/2011/04/26/visualising-music-the-problems-with-genre-classification/}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Musical-genres-are-out-of-date-%E2%80%93-but-this-new-system-explains-why-you-might-like-both-jazz-and-hip-hop-244941|publisher=Econotimes|date=3 August 2016|accessdate=8 August 2016|title=Musical genres are out of date – but this new system explains why you might like both jazz and hip hop}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Form in Tonal Music|last=Green|first=Douglass M.|year=1965|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc|isbn=978-0-03-020286-5|page=1}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music|last=van der Merwe|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)|year=1989|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-316121-4|page=3}} 6. ^Moore, Allan F.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3526163 "Categorical Conventions in Music Discourse: Style and Genre"]. Music & Letters, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Aug. 2001), pp. 432–442. 7. ^{{Cite news | title= Music Genre As Method | first= Timothy | last= Laurie | newspaper= Cultural Studies Review | year= 2014 | url= https://www.academia.edu/9087511}} 20 (2), pp. 283-292. 8. ^1 2 Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". Popular Music 2 (1982): 41. 9. ^Siron, Jacques. "Musique Savante (Serious Music)". Dictionnaire des mots de la musique (Paris: Outre Mesure): 242. 10. ^1 Arnold, Denis: "Art Music, Art Song", in The New Oxford Companion to Music, Volume 1: A-J (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983): 111. 11. ^Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". Popular Music 2 (1982): 37–67, here 41–42. 12. ^Arnold, Denis (1983): "Art Music, Art Song", in The New Oxford Companion to Music, Volume 1: A-J, Oxford University Press, p. 111, {{ISBN|0-19-311316-3}}. 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hip+hop|title=Definition of HIP HOP|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/rap|title=Rap {{!}} music|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}} 15. ^François Pachet, Geert Westermann, Damien Laigre. "Musical Data Mining for Electronic Music Distribution". Proceedings of the 1st WedelMusic Conferencesou, pp. 101-106, Firenze, Italy, 2001. Further reading
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