| 词条 | Mutualista |
| 释义 |
"provided most immigrants with a connection to their mother country and served to bring them together to meet their survival needs in a new and alien country. Cultural activities, education, health care, insurance coverage, legal protection and advocacy before police and immigration authorities, and anti-defamation activities were the main functions of these associations.[1] Sometimes mutualistas were part of larger organizations affiliated with the Mexican government or other national associations. One such association included Alianza Hispano-Americana, which, founded in 1894 in Tucson, Arizona Territory, had 88 chapters throughout the Southwestern United States by 1919. Usually mutualistas had separate women's auxiliaries, but some, including Club Femenino Orquidia in San Antonio, Texas and Sociedad Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez in Laredo, were founded and run by women. While Tatum lauds mutualistas for "bringing together Mexican nationals from different social classes to form a common bond, a feat that no organization had been able to achieve in Mexico", there were indeed social divisions within mutualistas. Some, such as Club Mexicano Independencia in Santa Barbara, California, were only open to male citizens of Mexico. Others had elitist membership restrictions. Many historians describe the "familiar" orientation of mutualista societies. They fostered sentiments of unity, mutual protection, and volunteerism. Historian Vicki L. Ruiz sees mutualistas as "institutionalized forms of compadrazgo and commadrazgo", the "concrete manifestations" of which were orphanages and nursing homes.[2] Some mutualistas became politically active in the American Civil Rights Movement. The Comité de Vecinos de Lemon Grove filed a successful desegregation suit against the Lemon Grove School District in 1931. Many of the people that were involved in mutualismo were active in the subsequent Chicano student political, and feminist movements. María Hernández, who formed Orden Caballeros de America with her husband Pedro in 1929, later worked on educational desegregation and supported the Raza Unida Party. The term is still used in Uruguay to describe a form of health insurance. [3] References1. ^{{cite book| last = Tatum| first = Charles M.| title = Chicano Popular Culture: Que hable el pueblo| publisher = University of Arizona Press| year = 2001| location = Tucson| isbn = 0-8165-1983-8}} {{US-hist-stub}}2. ^{{cite book |last =Ruiz |first =Vicki L. |title=From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth Century America |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1998 | location= New York City | isbn= 0-19-513099-5}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Quality Health Care at an Affordable Price in Uruguay |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/internationallivingcom/quality-health-care-at-an_b_5621826.html |accessdate=26 November 2018 |publisher=Huffington Post |date=6 December 2017}} 4 : Mexican-American history|Mexican-American organizations|Mutual organizations|Ethnic fraternal orders in the United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。