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词条 MV Explorer (1969)
释义

  1. History

  2. Sinking

  3. Investigation

  4. References

  5. External links

{{other ships|MS Explorer}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=Ship caption=MS Explorer in 2005
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship name=*1969–1985: MS Lindblad Explorer
  • 1985–1992: MS Society Explorer[1]
  • 1992–2007: MS Explorer
Ship owner=*1969–1972: K/S A/S Explorer & Co, Oslo, Norway
  • 1972–1980: Swedish American Line, Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 1980–1982: Lindblad Swire Cruises, Panama
  • 1982–1983: Salén AB, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 1983–1985: Ferry Services Curacao NV, Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles
  • 1985–1992: Discoverer Reederei GmbH, Germany
  • 1992–2003: Explorer Shipping, Monrovia, Liberia
  • 2003–2004: Kyris Shipping Ltd., Monaco
  • 2004–2007: G.A.P. Shipping, Bahamas
Ship operator=Ship ordered=Ship builder=Uudenkaupungin Telakka, Uusikaupunki, FinlandShip yard number=Ship laid down= 1969Ship launched= 14 December 1969Ship completed=Ship christened=Ship renamed=Ship acquired=Ship in service=Ship out of service= 23 November 2007Norway}} Oslo (1969–72)
  • {{flagicon|Panama}} Panama City (1972–89)
  • {{flagicon|Liberia}} Monrovia (1989–2007)
62|24|S|57|16|W}}.-62.404882|-57.196247|format=dms}})6924959}}
  • Liberian Official Number 8495[2]

}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=Ship tonnage= 2398Ship displacement=239|ft|m|abbr=on}}46|ft|m|abbr=on}}Ship height=14|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on}}Ship draft=Ship depth=Ship ice class=ICE-1A (as per BNV, equals Finnish-Swedish IA)[2]Ship sail plan=Ship power=1800|bhp|abbr=on}}, driving a single variable-pitch propeller, 4 blades350|hp|abbr=on}} bow thruster.12.5|kn|km/h|0}}Ship capacity= 104 passengersShip crew= 54Ship notes=
}}
MS Explorer was a Liberian-registered cruise ship, the first vessel of its kind used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean. It was the cruise ship to sink there[2] when she struck an iceberg on 23 November 2007. All passengers and crew were rescued.[3]

The ship was commissioned and operated by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad. Its1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica was the forerunner for today's sea-based tourism in that region.[4][5]

The vessel was originally named MS Lindblad Explorer (until 1985), and MS Society Explorer until 1992. Ownership of the vessel changed several times, the last owner being the Toronto-based travel company G.A.P Adventures which acquired Explorer in 2004.[1]

Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time.[6] Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximate position 62° 24′ South, 57° 16′ West, between South Shetlands and Grahams Land, in the Bransfield Strait,[7] where the depth is roughly 600 m.[8] The Royal Navy Antarctic Patrol Ship {{HMS|Endurance|A171|2}}, at the request of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office whilst carrying out a hydrographic survey for the British Antarctic Survey, later pinpointed Explorer{{'s}} final resting place as 62° 24′ 17.57″ South, 57° 11′ 46.49″ West at an approximate depth of 1,130 m, a distance of 4,373 m from her reported sinking position. This is broadly consistent with the direction of the prevailing current.[9]

History

Explorer was commissioned by Lars-Eric Lindblad, the Swedish-American pioneer of exotic expedition tours, and built in 1969 at Uudenkaupungin Telakka shipyard[10] in Uusikaupunki, Finland. The ship was built to stay afloat with two compartments filled with water. Her original Finnish-Swedish ice class was 1C, which is relatively weak. It is not known when the ice class was uprated to 1A.[11]

The vessel was originally named Lindblad Explorer after Lars-Eric Lindblad and was the first custom built expeditionary cruise ship. On 11 February 1972 Explorer ran aground near La Plaza Point, Antarctica; her passengers, Lars-Eric Lindblad among them, were rescued by the Chilean Navy.[12] She was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway, for repairs.[13]

On 25 December 1979 Lindblad Explorer ran aground off Wiencke Island in the Antarctic. The 70 passengers and 34 of the crew were rescued by the Chilean Navy icebreaker {{Ship||Piloto Pardo|icebreaker|2}}, leaving the captain and a skeleton crew of 21 on board to await the arrival of a tug.[14]

In 1984, Explorer was the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage. In 1989 she was involved in the rescue of the crew of an Argentine supply ship that had hit a rock ledge off Anvers Island, Antarctica.[15]

In 1998, Explorer was the first ship to circumnavigate James Ross Island;[16] and the same year, she is claimed to have been the first ship, as distinct from river boat, to sail {{convert|80|mi|km}} above Iquitos, Peru, to the point where the Marañón and Ucayali rivers meet to become the Amazon River.[17]

Explorer was depicted on at least two postage stamps issued by South Georgia and one issued by the Falkland Islands.[18][19] Explorer was nicknamed "the Little Red Ship".[20]

Sinking

Explorer departed from Ushuaia, Argentina on 11 November 2007 on a 19-day cruise intended to trace the route of 20th century explorer Ernest Shackleton through the Drake Passage (an area typically stormy with rough seas). After visiting the Falkland Islands and South Georgia she hit an iceberg in the Bransfield Strait close to King George Island in the Southern Ocean, near the South Shetland Islands, on 23 November 2007. The object struck by Explorer made a gash in the hull which allowed water to enter. The Argentine navy later said in a statement it observed "significant" damage.[3] The official report of the sinking noted: "The damage sustained had to have extended along the length of the vessel from Cabins 308 to 314 for at least a distance of 3.6 meters, and, in all likelihood, had punctured and sliced holes along the shell plating."[21]

Passengers on Explorer reported a loud "bang" at the time of impact, although others reported that there had been no noticeable impact, or at least nothing more than the normal crunching of ice experienced when sailing through icy waters. One passenger reported sea water in their cabin at about 03:00 UTC.[22][23] Some reports also indicate that the ship drifted into an iceberg on Explorer{{'s}} starboard side while the crew was assessing damage caused by the original impact, also to the starboard side of the ship.[24]

A mayday call was put out by the ship at 04:24 UTC, and rescue operations were quickly coordinated by the Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard Corps) of Argentina and the Chilean Navy Center for Search and Rescue. Chile dispatched the icebreaker Almirante Viel, and nearby commercial ships including the MN Ushuaia, the National Geographic Endeavor, and the Norwegian Coastal Express ship {{MS|Nordnorge|1996|6}} which was operating as a passenger cruise ship at the time.[25] By 07:30 UTC, all 91 passengers, 9 guides and 54 crew,[26] from over 14 countries,[27][28] were evacuated and had taken to the Explorer{{'s}} lifeboats. The evacuees drifted for 5 hours until they were picked up by the Norwegian ship MS Nordnorge which arrived on scene at approximately 10:00 UTC.[16][29]

All of those rescued by Nordnorge were taken to the Chilean Frei Montalva Station on King George Island where they were subsequently airlifted by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft of the Chilean Air Force to Punta Arenas, Chile[16] in two separate flights, one on Saturday 24 November and the other on Sunday 25 November. Those passengers not taken to Punta Arenas (an estimated 70) were taken to Uruguay's Artigas Base. Explorer was completely submerged at 19:00 UTC, approximately 20 hours after the initial impact and damage to her hull.[30]

Explorer was designed, like most ships, with compartments which could be sealed off by watertight doors; the ship would not sink if holed and one compartment flooded, but was not safe if more compartments were flooded, either by a gash spanning compartments or imperfect sealing between compartments. GAP reported that there was a crack in addition to the hole, but it is not clear if it spanned compartments.[31]

In an article published on 8 December 2007, experts consider that Explorer was "perfect for ice navigation", and consider that the explanation of the sinking "doesn't add up" and that "essential pieces of the story are missing".[32]

{{clear left}}

Investigation

The investigation into the sinking of Explorer was carried out by the Liberian Bureau of Maritime Affairs. The report into the accident was released in April 2009.[33]

The report cites the decision by Captain Bengt Wiman[34], age 49, to enter the ice field based on his knowledge and information available at the time as the primary reason why Explorer was so severely damaged. "He was under the mistaken impression that he was encountering first year ice which in fact, as the Chilean Navy Report indicated, was much harder land ice."

Passengers reported seeing red paint on the passing ice less than thirty minutes prior to when the flooding was reported, another indication that the vessel was passing through compact and hard ice. The Master of Explorer was very experienced in Baltic waters but he was unfamiliar with the type of ice he encountered in Antarctic waters.[21]

The report praises the performance of the master and crew in organizing and evacuating the passengers, and notes that lives were likely saved due to the actions of these individuals.[21]

References

1. ^1 Possibly also named MS World Explorer after 1985
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/11/24/ST2007112400367.html|title=Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica|last=Reel|first=Monte|date=24 November 2007|accessdate=13 May 2010|publisher=The Washington Post}}
3. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/23/world/main3534814.shtml|title=154 Rescued From Sinking Ship in Antarctic: Passengers, Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats; No Injuries Reported|date=23 November 2007|accessdate=23 November 2007|publisher=CBS News}}
4. ^Mar 28 – Hump Day {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103139/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/diaries/rrs_james_clark_ross/antarctic2003_2004/13_27/index.php |date=7 June 2011 }}, British Antarctic Survey.
5. ^Scope of Antarctic Tourism — A Background Presentation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194609/http://iaato.org/tourism_overview.html |date=16 October 2007 }}, IAATO official website.
6. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.aol.com/story/_a/doomed-ship-defies-antarctica-odds/20071123061209990001?ncid=NWS00010000000001 |title=Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds |date=25 November 2007 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=28 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127153727/http://news.aol.com/story/_a/doomed-ship-defies-antarctica-odds/20071123061209990001?ncid=NWS00010000000001 |archivedate=27 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=4760&source=3|title=MS Explorer – situation report|publisher=The Falkland Islands News|date=23 November 2007}}
8. ^MV EXPLORER Cruise Ship Sinking In South Atlantic, The Shipping Times, 23 November 2007
9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/main/news55.htm#1 |title=Royal Navy Locates Antarctic Wreck of Cruise Liner |publisher=Fleet Media & Communication, Royal Navy |accessdate=15 March 2008}}
10. ^{{lang-fi|Uudenkaupungin telakka}}
11. ^{{cite news | title = Explorer syntyi talvisodan hengessä| publisher = Aamulehti | date = 23 November 2007 | url = http://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/ulkomaat/55353.shtml |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124141659/http://www.aamulehti.fi/uutiset/ulkomaat/55353.shtml |archivedate = 24 November 2007|language=fi}}
12. ^[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503EFDE133FF930A25754C0A962958260 Lars-Eric Lindblad, 67, Pioneer Of Tours to Exotic Destinations], The New York Times, 13 July 1994.
13. ^Erik Langeland
14. ^{{cite journal|editor1-last=Caffin|editor1-first=J.M.|title=Lindblad Explorer runs aground | journal=Antarctic | volume=9 | issue=1 |pages=35–36 | url=http://antarctic.org.nz/pdf/Antarctic/Antarctic.V9.1.1980.pdf|accessdate=3 February 2016|quote="On her way back to Ushaia, Tierra del Fuego, where she was due on December 30, the Lindblad Explorer passed by Wiencke Island, which lies between Anvers Island and the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. She was off Cape Astrup at the north-eastern end of the island when she ran aground. A sunken rock with less than 1.8m of water over it lies about 402m north of the cape."}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article2928759.ece |title=Iceberg blamed as passengers flee holed ship in icy waters |accessdate=28 November 2007 |date=24 November 2007 |publisher=The Times | location=London | first1=Will | last1=Pavia | first2=Hannah | last2=Strange | first3=James | last3=Bone}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7108835.stm |title=Cruise boat sinking off Argentina |accessdate=23 November 2007 |date=23 November 2007 |publisher=BBC News }}
17. ^M/S Explorer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170547/http://www.eagle-eye.com/Locations/MV_Explorer.html |date=25 November 2007 }}
18. ^Philatelie Polaire {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703151037/http://www.philatelie-polaire.com/nouveautes/georgie.htm |date=3 July 2007 }} South Georgia stamps.
19. ^Falkland Isles Stamp {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128084951/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/pb/sg/merchant-ships.htm |date=28 November 2007 }}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7108835.stm#graphic|title=Stricken Antarctic ship evacuated|accessdate=28 November 2007|author= | work=BBC News | date=24 November 2007}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.photobits.com/dl/Explorer%20-%20Final%20Report.PDF |title=Report of Investigation in the Matter of Sinking of Passenger Vessel EXPLORER (O.N. 8495) 23 November 2007 in the Bransfield Strait near the South Shetland Islands |publisher=Bureau of Maritime Affairs, Liberia |accessdate=8 April 2009}}
22. ^Antarctic cruise ship tourists live to tell 'Titanic 2' jokes, The Daily News (New York), 25 November 2007.
23. ^Ulster grandad set for home after Antarctic rescue drama, The Belfast Telegraph, 26 November 2007.
24. ^[https://www.thestar.com/News/article/279492 Canadian ship lost in Antarctic], The Toronto Star, 24 November 2007.
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.armada.cl/p4_armada/site/artic/20071123/pags/20071123150603.html |title=Armada apoya labores de rescate de buque de pasajeros Explorer |date=23 November 2007 |publisher=Chilean Navy |language=Spanish |accessdate=23 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125173719/http://www.armada.cl/p4_armada/site/artic/20071123/pags/20071123150603.html |archivedate=25 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
26. ^The crew of 54 was made up largely of Filipinos, 45 of whom were aboard.
27. ^G.A.P. Adventures listed: 24 Britons, 17 Dutch, 14 Americans, 12 Canadians and 10 Australians, 4 Swedes, 4 Irish, 3 Danes, 2 Argentines, 2 Belgians, 2 Chinese (Hong Kong), and single passengers from China, France, Germany, Japan, Colombia, Sweden. Not clarified, are earlier reports of 2 New Zealanders, 2 Bulgarians, and 1 Pole.
28. ^{{Cite news | last = Reel | first = Monte | title = Passengers of Doomed Cruise Ship Reach Chile With Vivid Accounts | newspaper = The Washington Post | pages = A18 | date = 25 November 2007}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2007/11/23/519082.html |title=Passengers are being rescued from M/S Explorer |accessdate=23 November 2007 |date=23 November 2007 |publisher=Dagbladet }}
30. ^{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL2331534120071124 |title=Passengers unhurt after Antarctic ship hits ice |date=24 November 2007 |publisher=Reuters UK |accessdate=23 November 2010}}
31. ^International Herald Tribune
32. ^Christian Science Monitor
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.photobits.com/dl/Explorer%20-%20Final%20Report.PDF |title=Report of Investigation in the Matter of Sinking of Passenger Vessel EXPLORER (O.N. 8495) 23 November 2007 in the Bransfield Strait near the South Shetland Islands |publisher=Bureau of Maritime Affairs, Liberia |accessdate=8 April 2009}}
34. ^Wall Street Journal, Feb. 16-17, 2019, pg.B8

External links

{{commons category|Explorer (ship, 1969)}}{{wikinews2|Canadian cruise ship sinking in Antarctic|MS Explorer cruise ship passengers are safe}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071112140641/http://www.gapadventures.com/explorer/ MS Explorer] – G.A.P Adventures
  • [https://exchange.dnv.com/Exchange/Main.aspx?EXTool=Vessel&VesselID=07561 Explorer] – Det Norske Veritas Exchange Vessel Information.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170547/http://www.eagle-eye.com/Locations/MV_Explorer.html M/S Explorer] – Eagle Eye Tours
{{1972 shipwrecks}}{{1979 shipwrecks}}{{2007 shipwrecks}}{{coord|62.24|S|57.16|W|type:landmark|display=title}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Explorer}}

13 : Cruise ships|Expedition cruising|Maritime incidents in 1972|Maritime incidents in 1979|Maritime incidents in 2007|Ship collisions with icebergs|Cruise ships of Norway|Ships built in Finland|Shipwrecks in the Southern Ocean|2007 in Antarctica|1969 ships|Tourism in Antarctica|November 2007 events
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