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释义 |
|unit_name= Myanmar Navy |image= |caption= |dates= 24 December 1947{{spaced ndash}}present |country= {{flag|Myanmar}} |allegiance= |branch= Navy |type= Green-water Navy |role= |size= 19,000 personnel |command_structure= Myanmar Armed Forces |garrison= Naypyidaw |garrison_label= Headquarters |nickname= Tatmadaw Yay |motto= |colours= |colors_label= |march= |mascot= |equipment= |equipment_label= |battles= |anniversaries= |decorations= |battle_honours= |commander1= Lieutenant General Sein Win |commander1_label= Minister of Defence |commander2= Senior General Min Aung Hlaing |commander2_label= Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Armed Forces |commander3= Adm.Tin Aung San |commander3_label= Commander-in-Chief (Navy) |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label=Ensign |identification_symbol_2= |identification_symbol_3= |identification_symbol_2_label=Naval ensign (1974–2010) |identification_symbol_3_label=Naval ensign (1948–1974) }} The Myanmar Navy ({{lang-my|တပ်မတော် (ရေ)}}; {{IPA-my|taʔmədɔ̀ jè}}) is the naval branch of the armed forces of Myanmar with 19,000 men and women. The Myanmar Navy currently operates more than 125 vessels. Before 1988, the Myanmar Navy was small and its role in the many counterinsurgency operations was much less conspicuous than those of the army and air force. Yet the navy has always been, and remains, an important factor in Myanmar's security and it was dramatically expanded in recent years to an external threat defence role in Myanmar's territorial waters. HistoryPre-independenceThe naval arm of the Royal Armed Forces consisted mainly of shallow draft river boats. Its primary missions were to control the Irrawaddy River, and to protect the ships carrying the army to the front. The major war boats carried up to 30 musketeers and were armed with 6- or 12-pounder cannon.[1] By the mid-18th century, the navy had acquired a few seafaring ships, manned by European and foreign sailors, that were used to transport the troops in Siamese and Arakanese campaigns. The Arakanese and the Mon, from maritime regions, maintained more seaworthy flotillas than the inland riverborne "navy" of the Royal Burmese Army. Founding and the Second World WarThe Myanmar Navy was formed as the Navy of Burma in 1940 and, although very small, played an active part in Allied operations against the Japanese during the Second World War. Burmese independenceIn December 1947, the Union of Burma Navy was formed with 700 men. The fleet initially consisted of a small but diverse collection of ships transferred from the Royal Navy under the arrangements made for Burma's independence in January 1948. It included the {{ship|UBS|Mayu}}, an ex-Royal Navy {{sclass2-|River|frigate}}, and four Landing Craft Gun (Medium). Armed with two 25-pounder (88 mm) guns and two 2-pounder (44 mm) guns, these landing craft were used as support gunboats.[2] 1950sIn 1950 and 1951, the United States provided 10 coast guard cutters (CGC) under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP). The Myanmar Navy played an important part in the government's fight against the ethnic and ideological insurgent groups which threatened the Union Government in its early days. The Myanmar Navy performed both defensive and offensive roles, protecting convoys, carrying supplies, ferrying troops and giving much-needed fire support. It was instrumental in relieving the port city of Moulmein, which was captured by Karen insurgents in 1948, and the Irrawaddy Delta town of Bassein. Although one armed patrol boat defected to the Karen insurgents, throughout the turbulent years of post independence in Myanmar, the navy was largely unopposed and maintained control over Myanmar's crucial inland waterways.[3] In 1956 and 1957, the Myanmar government acquired five {{convert|50|LT|t|adj=on}} Saunders-Roe {{sclass2-|Dark|fast patrol boat|0}} convertible motor torpedo/motor gunboats,[4] followed by an {{convert|1040|LT|t|adj=on}} {{sclass-|Algerine|minesweeper}} in 1958 from the United Kingdom.[5] In the late-1950s and early-1960s, the United States sold the Myanmar Navy six PGM type coastal patrol crafts and seven CGC type patrol boats.[6] In the mid-1960s, the Myanmar Navy took delivery of ex-US Navy {{convert|640|LT|t|adj=on}} PCE-827 class[7] corvette and a {{convert|650|LT|t|adj=on}} {{sclass-|Admirable|minesweeper|1}}, both of which were commissioned in the mid-1940s. In 1978, the United States provided the Myanmar Navy with six small river patrol crafts.[8] In 1958, Myanmar's Navy took delivery of 10 Y-301-class river gunboats from Yugoslavia, followed by 25 smaller Michao-class patrol craft. 1960sEfforts were made to produce locally made naval vessels with assistance from Yugoslavia. In 1960, the Myanmar Navy commissioned two {{convert|400|LT|t|adj=on}} Nawarat-class corvettes. Their armaments include 25-pounder field gun and 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft gun.[9] Myanmar shipyards also built a number of smaller patrol craft and a number of landing craft. Landing craft and auxiliary ships are usually armed with Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns and heavy machine guns.[10] 1970sAlthough the Myanmar Navy expanded rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, the navy was unable to keep pace with loss or deterioration of older vessels in the 1970s until naval replacement program was initiated by BSPP Government in 1979. 1980sIn 1980, the Myanmar Navy acquired six Carpentaria-class inshore patrol boats from Australia followed by three 128-ton Swift type coastal patrol boats from Singapore and three 385-ton Ospery-class offshore patrol vessels built in Denmark. The Ospery and Swift-class boats have a range of {{convert|4500|and|1800|mi}} respectively and were armed with Oerlikon 20 mm cannons and 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns. In the early years of the 1980s, Myanmar shipyards built three 128-ton PGM type patrol boats based upon US PGM-class patrol boats. Each boat was armed with two 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns and two 12.7 mm heavy machine guns. 1990sThe Myanmar Navy purchased six missile escort boats and 10 submarine chasers from China. Since 1998, the navy has built two {{convert|77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} Anawrahta-class corvettes (771 and 772) and four fast attack craft (551-554). 2000sMay 2008 Cyclone NargisAs many as 25 Burmese naval ships may have been sunk in the storm caused by Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, while an unknown number of naval personnel and their family members were killed or are listed as missing.[11] The Network for Democracy and Development in Thailand reported that 30 officers and 250 Burmese naval personnel were declared missing, while 25 vessels were destroyed by the cyclone in three naval regional command centres: Panmawaddy Regional Command on Hainggyi Island; Irrawaddy Regional Command; and Danyawaddy Regional Command in Sittwe in Arakan State. 2010sAs part of international engagement of the US with the Myanmar’s armed forces, the USS Bonhomme Richard visited Myanmar in early 2013.[12] The Myanmar Navy has held its annual 'Sea Shield' combined fleet exercise in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea since 2014. The annual manoeuvres usually involve live-fire exercises by several of the Myanmar Navy's strategic vessels.[13] In 2017, Myanmar's Deputy Defence Minister announced the Myanmar Navy’s ambition to acquire a submarine.[14] When it comes to international navy exercise, Myanmar Navy participated in Indian and Myanmar Navy Exercise 2018, which was held in the Bay of Bengal. On the Myanmar side, vessels included the Kyan Sittha-class frigate UMS Sin Phyu Shin (F-14) and offshore patrol vessel UMS Inle and on the Indian side, vessels included anti-submarine warfare corvette INS Kamorta, Shivalik (Project 17)-class frigate INS Sahyadri, and a Type 877EKM ‘Kilo’-class submarine, along with one helicopter and two advanced aircraft.[15] Former and current Commanders-in-Chief since independence
Commanders of Naval Region Command
Modernisation program{{unreferenced section|date=June 2014}}The Myanmar Navy is undergoing swift modernisation and expansion. It is gaining larger and more advanced ships of various design, notably constructing them locally with foreign supplied equipment. [17] FrigatesThe Myanmar Navy started its modernisation program in 2001 in an attempt to replace older ships and equipment. In 2012, the navy took delivery of two Type 053H1 class frigates from China. These two ships were upgraded extensively. Upgrades included the replacing of HY 2 anti ship missiles by C-802 missiles and installing new sensors. The first indigenous frigate, the Aung Zeya entered service in 2011 and took part in a joint exercise with Indian Navy ships off Visakhapatnam in early 2013. A second ship, Kyan Sittha entered service in 2012 and is the navy's first stealth frigate. The navy plans to build six indigenous frigates; combining Russian, Indian, Chinese, and Western weapons systems. These ships are equipped with Kh-35E anti-ship missiles, OTO Melara 76 mm Super Rapid Cannons, AK-630 6-barrel 30mm close-in weapon system (CIWS) and Chinese ASW rockets and torpedoes. Radars and electronic systems are mainly from Bharat Electronics of India. Myanmar acquired surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship missiles from China for its newly built frigates and OPVs. Myanmar Navy Shipyard which was acquired from China in late-1990s is one of the most modern shipyards in the region. Many Myanmar naval engineers underwent shipbuilding training in China and Russia. Corvettes and FAC (stealth)In early 2011, two corvettes, 771 and 772, were upgraded to by installing C-802 missiles, SAMs, sonar, RBU 1200 ASW rockets, and new surface and air search radars. The most significant development was the launching of two new FAC (stealth) (pennant number P 491) which is 49 meters long and armed with 4 x C 802 missiles and a single AK 630 CIWS. Twenty 45-meter class FACs (guns and missiles) are the backbone of the navy, but these ships are too small for new weapons and electronic systems. This is the main reason for initiating the 49 meter class FAC (stealth). Older Hainan class FAC (submarine chaser) will be degraded to Category B reserve by 2016. OrganisationAdministrative and support units
Naval regional commands and bases
Naval infantryThe Myanmar Navy formed a naval infantry battalion of 800 men in 1964, and a second battalion in 1967. Third and fourth battalions may have also been raised. They battalions traditionally are deployed mainly in the Arakan, Tenasserim, and Irrawaddy delta coastal regions primarily to assist in the army's counter-insurgency operations. Naval base air defence forceMyanmar Naval air defence forces use Bofors 40mm & ZPU-2 AAA for naval bases. Naval aviationThe Myanmar Navy formed a naval aviation unit in 2014. Current inventory of the naval aviation fleets involve:
ShipsFrigates
Corvettes
FAC - missile
FAC - gun
FAC - submarine chaser
Large patrol combatants
Coastal patrol craft
Cruiser patrol craft
Patrol craft
Torpedo boat
Minesweeper
Coastal land craft mechanised
Coastal land craft utility
Coastal survey ship
Coastal logistics and tanker ships
River patrol craft
Floating dry dock
Unmanned surface vehicle - USV
See also{{Portal|Current events/Southeast Asia}}
References1. ^Lieberman, pp. 164–167 2. ^p.28, Janes Fighting Ships 1963-64 3. ^Hugh Tinker, Union of Burma, p.325 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bmpt.org.uk/boat%20histories/Dark%20Class/index.htm|title=British Military Powerboat Trust|accessdate=22 October 2014}} 5. ^Jane's Fighting Ships 1963-1964 p.28 6. ^Jane's Fighting Ships 1982-83 p.60 7. ^http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/120282701.jpg 8. ^Jane's Fighting Ships 1997-1998 p.79 9. ^Janes Fighting Ships 1997-98 p.79 10. ^Janes Fighting Ships 1997-98 p.82 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=11980 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-05-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034727/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=11980 |archivedate=13 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/6684-the-evolving-role-of-myanmar-s-navy.html|title=The evolving role of the Navy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aseanmildef.com/2016/03/myanmar-navy-holds-exercise-in.html|title=Myanmar Navy holds exercise in strategic waters|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/burma-army-reveals-ambition-to-own-submarine.html|title=Burma Army Reveals Ambition to Own Submarine|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/whats-behind-the-new-india-myanmar-naval-exercise/|title=What’s Behind the New India-Myanmar Naval Exercise?|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 16. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/45-senior-military-officers-retire-to-contest-nov-8-poll.html | title=45 Senior Military Officers Retire to Contest Nov. 8 Poll | work=The Irrawaddy | date=11 August 2015 | accessdate=15 August 2015}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://natoassociation.ca/modernization-of-the-myanmar-navy/|title=Modernization of the Myanmar Navy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 18. ^http://elevenmyanmar.com/local/ceremony-held-acquisition-new-military-aircraft 19. ^{{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/insight-from-flightglobal-world-air-forces-on-the-r-432247/|title = World Air Forces 2015 |publisher=Reed Business Information |work= Flightglobal |year= 2015 |doi = |accessdate= 3 March 2015}} 20. ^http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/myanmar-commissions-new-air-power 21. ^http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/senior-general-min-aung-hlaing-attends-68th-anniversary-of-myanmar-air-force/ 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/56887/myanmar-commissions-second-frigate-with-reduced-rcs-hospital-ship|title=Myanmar commissions second frigate with reduced RCS, hospital ship|publisher=}} 23. ^AMR NAVALDIRECTORY 2011 24. ^[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/ums-anawratha.htm] PCG Anawrahta 25. ^http://www.aseanmildef.com/2015/01/myanmar-completed-first-two-of-49-meter.html?m=1 26. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maung Aung Myoe, Building the Tamadaw 27. ^1 Burmese Navy Decimated in Cyclone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034727/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=11980 |date=13 May 2008 }} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships By Eric Wertheim 29. ^1 2 http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/myanmar-navy-commissions-seven-new-vessels 30. ^1 http://www.janes.com/article/76685/myanmar-commissions-new-opv-and-landing-craft 31. ^http://weaponews.com/news/6635-myanmar-navy-received-two-israeli-gunboat.html 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/38239/myanmar-inducts-first-of-new-torpedo-craft|title=Myanmar inducts first of new torpedo craft|publisher=IHS Jane's |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730010205/http://www.janes.com/article/38239/myanmar-inducts-first-of-new-torpedo-craft |archive-date=30 July 2014 |first=Tony |last=Davis |quote=The indigenously designed and built vessel, with a pennant number of T201, was launched and commissioned at the Rangoon Navy Dockyards on 8 May, according to local press reports. With an aluminium body and a length of 70 ft (21 m), the new torpedo boat has low observable radar characteristics, a maximum speed of 35 kt, and is reportedly armed with up to eight Russian- or Chinese-manufactured torpedoes.}} 33. ^USS Creddock (AM-356) 34. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.myawady.com.mm/photonews/item/11344-2013-04-10-13-50-55|title=ျမ၀တီ - တပ္မေတာ္ ကာကြယ္ေရး ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္အား တပ္မေတာ္(ေရ) စစ္ေရယာဥ္ မ်ားမွ ပုံျပဳ ခ်ီတက္ အေလးျပဳျခင္း မွတ္တမ္း|author=စကား၀ါ|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023050309/http://www.myawady.com.mm/photonews/item/11344-2013-04-10-13-50-55|archivedate=23 October 2014|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^1 http://www.myanmartatmadaw.net/2015/12/blog-post_15.html 36. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/66579/myanmar-navy-commissions-first-corvette-with-reduced-rcs |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130204553/http://www.janes.com/article/66579/myanmar-navy-commissions-first-corvette-with-reduced-rcs |archive-date=30 November 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 37. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20180201070733/https://www.janes.com/article/76685/myanmar-commissions-new-opv-and-landing-craft 38. ^http://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/?q=news/25/12/2016/id-9459 39. ^http://www.moi.gov.mm 40. ^https://www.seniorgeneralminaunghlaing.com.mm/en/10870/tatmadaw-navy-holds-71st-anniversary-enhanced-naval-power-safeguard-territorial-waters-efforts-made-become-regional-blue-water-navy-commissioning-ceremony-naval-ships-held/ 41. ^http://www.myawady.net.mm External links
5 : Lists of ships by country|Military equipment of Myanmar|Myanmar Navy|Military of Myanmar|Navies by country |
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