“Mława riot”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Mława riot, or Mława incident,^[1] also described by Western commentators as the Mława pogrom,^[2] was a series of violent devastations and looting incidents on 26–27 June 1991 when a group of youth estimated at 200 individuals including young females invaded the homes of Roma residents of the Polish town of Mława causing them to flee.^[1] Not a single Roma person was injured in the riot,^[1] but the material losses were substantial affecting up to 40% of residences.^[1] Many perpetrators were arrested on-site; a number of them sentenced to jail after a trial.^[1] The violence, described by foreign media as motivated by racism and jealousy, received editorial condemnation.^[3]^[4] The incident that triggered the riot was the killing of a Polish pedestrian struck along with his companion in a hit-and-run by a Romani male driver.^[1]

Background

The immediate cause of the riot was a hit-and-run accident just before midnight on 23 June 1991 on the pedestrian crossing at Piłsudskiego and Zuzanny Morawskiej streets.^[1] A speeding luxury car driven by seventeen-year-old Roman Packowski of Romani ethnicity hit and seriously injured two young pedestrians, killing one of them.^[1] The driver fled the scene and hid from the police.^[1] He was later convinced by the Roma elders to turn himself in.^[1] Soon after the accident the local radio station informed that the driver had fled the scene. This claim was in fact true;^[5] however, the driver fled after people who witnessed the accident already identified his vehicle.^[6] For the next two days the driver and his car were hidden among the local Roma community.^[1]^[5]

The accident victim who died from his injuries was the 21-year-old Jaroslaw Pinczewski. The mayor of Mława, Adam Chmielinski informed that he died at the scene.^[1] Other victim, seventeen-year old Katarzyna Zakrzewska, suffered permanent physical incapacitation.^[7]

Events

Two days later some sixty Mława youths targeted and destroyed the house of a local Roma leader. The assailants quickly grew in number and began burning other Roma homes. Estimates put the number of participants in the violence from one hundred to two hundred.^[8] Some Roma found protection at the local police station. Others hid at the homes of their Polish friends.^[1] A total of 17 Roma houses were seriously damaged and further 4 houses and 9 apartments were vandalized, but no members of the Roma community were hurt. The crowd apparently targeted wealthier Roma and their estates. The police brought in additional forces and imposed a curfew.^[9]

A former political dissident Adam Michnik writing in Gazeta Wyborcza castigated the police and political authorities for their alleged inaction. The paper also demanded 'official action against ethnic hatred'. As a result, a number of political parties and academic institutions belatedly condemned the pogrom.^[10]

The eruption of ethnic violence at Mława in 1991 has been described as 'the renewal of anti-Gypsy racism in Poland' by hostile foreign critics; presumably linked to a significant rise in Polish Roma asylum applications in the United Kingdom^[11] and Sweden.^[12]

Afterwards, 21 persons were brought to court, and 17 were sentenced for up to 30 months in prison. The President of the Roma Society of Poland, Roman Kwiatkowski informed that the relations between the local Roma and their Polish neighbours twenty years after the fact are good.^[1]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite web |url=http://www.stowarzyszenie.romowie.net/index.php/czytnik-aktualnosci/items/wywiad-z-romanem-kwiatkowskim-w-glosie-mlawy.html |title=Mławski incydent dał nam doświadczenie na przyszłość |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Romow w Polsce (Roma Society of Poland, homepage) |work=Wywiad z Romanem Kwiatkowskim (Prezesem Stowarzyszenia Romów w Polsce) w "Głosie Mławy" (Interview with Roman Kwiatkowski, President of the Roma Society of Poland) for the "Voice of Mlawa" magazine |date=30 June 2011 |format=reprint |accessdate=13 August 2014 |author=Krzysztof Napierski |trans-title=The Mlawa incident gave us experience for the future}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Emigh |first1=Rebecca Jean |last2=Szelényi |first2=Iván |title=Poverty, ethnicity, and gender in Eastern Europe during the market transition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_tXHTK2kQUC&pg=PA101&dq=%22were+a+few+pogroms+and+attacks+against+Roma+in+Poland%22&hl=en&ei=0AA-Tf-3J4OYhQfK1pGeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22were%20a%20few%20pogroms%20and%20attacks%20against%20Roma%20in%20Poland%22&f=false |accessdate=2011-01-24 |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96881-6 |pages=101–102}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/world/poles-vent-their-economic-rage-on-gypsies.html?src=pm |title=Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies |date=July 25, 1991 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=26 January 2011}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20610FD3C5D0C7A8EDDAE0894D9494D81 |title=Hooligans and the Neighbors' Cow |date=July 29, 1991 |work=New York Times |accessdate=26 January 2011}}
5. ^¹Anna Giza-Poleszczuk i Jan Poleszczuk, "Cyganie i Polacy w Mławie konflikt etniczny czy społeczny?" prepared for CBOS, Warszawa, December 1992, pages 24 to 29
6. ^Beata Klimkiewicz (7 December 1999), The pogrom in Mława, Poland: no media influence on justice. ERRC.org
7. ^{{cite book |last=Cahn |first=Claude |editor=Claude Cahn |title=Roma rights: race, justice, and strategies for equality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8E9u2aD4fYC&pg=PA119&dq=%22in+the+Polish+town+of+Mlawa%22&hl=en&ei=nZVATeGCHImChQeCo9DzCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%20the%20Polish%20town%20of%20Mlawa%22&f=false |accessdate=2011-01-26 |series=Sourcebook on contemporary controversies |year=2002 |publisher=IDEA |isbn=978-0-9702130-6-8 |page=119}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=EU Accession Monitoring Program|first=|title=Monitoring the EU accession process: minority protection : country reports|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=LVZATdD3JqSShAfnvpCSCA&ct=result&id=8-IVAQAAIAAJ&dq=MLAWA+poland+romanies&q=MLAWA+#search_anchor|accessdate=2011-01-27|series=Monitoring the EU accession process |volume=1|year=2001|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest|isbn= 978-1-891385-19-3|page=380}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=1127|title=When the media make a difference: Comparing two European race crimes|last=Klimkiewicz|first=Beata|date=7 July 2004|publisher=European Roma Rights Centre|pages=The pogrom in Mlawa, Poland: no media influence on justice|accessdate=27 January 2011}}
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=y8E9u2aD4fYC&pg=PA120&dq=%22was+the+only+paper+to+advocate+official+action+against+ethnic+hatred%22&hl=en&ei=C-JATYW9MpK5hAfewfmZCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22was%20the%20only%20paper%20to%20advocate%20official%20action%20against%20ethnic%20hatred%22&f=false Cahn (2002) p.120]
11. ^{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Thomas Alan|title=Gypsy politics and Traveller identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qr3pF8qyS_AC&pg=PA109&dq=%22In+1991+a+pogrom+at+Mlawa%22&hl=en&ei=CqFATeP6IIKyhAfk19ynBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201991%20a%20pogrom%20at%20Mlawa%22&f=false|accessdate=2011-01-27|year=1997|publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press|isbn=978-0-900458-75-0|page=109}}
12. ^{{cite book |last=Drobizheva |first=L. M. |title=Ethnic conflict in the post-Soviet world: case studies and analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjXvqzUyZ1cC&pg=PA316&dq=MLAWA+poland+romanies&hl=en&ei=LVZATdD3JqSShAfnvpCSCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=mlawa&f=false|accessdate=2011-01-27 |series=Armenian Research Center collection |year=1996|publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn= 978-1-56324-740-8 |page=316}}

Background

Events

References

External links