“Nagarjuna Sagar Dam”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nagarjuna Sagar was the earliest in a series of large infrastructure projects termed as "modern temples" initiated for achieving the Green Revolution in India. It is also one of the earliest multi-purpose irrigation and hydro-electric projects in India. The dam provides irrigation water to the Nalgonda, Suryapet, Krishna, Khammam, West Godavari, Guntur and Prakasam districts along with hydro electricity generation. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is designed and constructed to use all the water impounded in its reservoir of 312 TMC gross storage capacity which is the second biggest water reservoir in India.^[1]

History

Construction

The Nizam made the British engineers begin the survey work for this dam across the Krishna river in the year 1903^[4]. But the project construction was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 10 December 1955 and proceeded for the next twelve years. Raja Vasireddy Ramagopala Krishna Maheswara Prasad, popularly known as late Muktyala Raja was instrumental in the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam via active political lobbying, a donation of one hundred million British pounds and fifty-five thousand acres of land. It was the tallest masonry dam in the world at that time, built entirely with local know-how under the able engineering leadership of Kanuri Lakshmana Rao the then Member of Parliament from Vijayawada.

The construction of the dam submerged an ancient Buddhist settlement, Nagarjunakonda, which was the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty in the 1st and 2nd centuries, the successors of the Satavahanas in the Eastern Deccan. Excavations here had yielded 30 Buddhist monasteries, as well as artworks and inscriptions of great historical importance. In advance of the reservoir's flooding, monuments were dug up and relocated. Some were moved to Nagarjunakonda, now an island in the middle of the reservoir. Others were moved to the nearby mainland village of Anupu.^[5]

The reservoir water was released into the left and right bank canals by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on August 4, 1967.^[6] Construction of the hydropower plant followed, with generation increasing between 1978 and 1985, as additional units came into service. In 2015, diamond jubilee celebrations of project's inauguration were held, alluding to the prosperity the dam has ushered into the region.^[7]

Data

Utilisation

Irrigation

The right canal (Jawahar canal) is {{convert|203|km|abbr=on}} long with maximum 311.5 cumecs capacity and irrigates {{convert|1.117|e6acre}} of land in Guntur and Prakasam districts. The left canal (Lalbahadur Shastri canal) is {{convert|179|km|abbr=on}} long with maximum 311.5 cumecs capacity and irrigates {{convert|1.008|e6acre}} of land in Nalgonda, Suryapet, Krishna, West Godavari and Khamman districts.^[9] The project transformed the economy of above districts. 54 villages (48 in Nalgonda and 6 in Guntur) were submersed in water and 24,000 people were affected. The relocation of the people was completed by 2007.

Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation canal draws water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to irrigate {{convert|0.37|e6acre}} of land in Nalgonda district.^[10] This lift scheme with pump house located near Puttamgandi village on the left bank of Krishna river also supplies nearly 20 TMC water for the drinking water needs of Hyderabad city.^[11]^[12] Nearly 80% of the Nagarjuna Sagar water used in Hyderabad city is available for irrigation use in Nalgonda district in the form of regenerated water/treated sewage water. In addition, the high level flood flow canal drawing water from the left side shore of the reservoir also supplies irrigation water in Nalgonda district.

Power generation

The hydroelectric plant has a power generation capacity of 815.6 MW with 8 units (1x110 MW+7x100.8 MW). First unit was commissioned on 7 March 1978 and 8th unit on 24 December 1985. The right canal plant has a power generation capacity of {{convert|90|MW}} with 3 units of {{convert|30|MW}} each. The left canal plant has a power generation capacity of {{convert|60|MW}} with 2 units of 30 MW each.^[13] The tail pond is under advanced stage of construction to put to use the pumped storage features of 7 x 100.8 MW units.

Many times, it happens that power generation from the 150 MW canal based units is not optimised when the Nagarjunasagar reservoir is overflowing on its spillway and very less water is required for irrigation from the canals during the monsoon floods. Power generation from canal based hydro units can be optimised by running these units during the flooding period by releasing the water fully into the canals. The unwanted canal water can be released into the natural stream when it is crossing the major stream. Thus run off power can be generated from the water going down unutilised into the river by the canal based power units also.

The water level in the Nagarjunasagar reservoir shall be maintained above the minimum level required for these units in most of the time by releasing water from the upstream Srisailam reservoir to optimise the power generation from the canal based units during dry season.

Tourism

Nagarjunasagar Dam is one of the popular weekend getaways from Hyderabad. Thousands of tourists visit Nagarjunasagar when the dam gates are open in monsoon season (around September / October). Hotel Vijay Vihar, operated by Telangana Tourism is one of the best places for accommodation in Nagarjunasagar.^[14]

There are several other places around Nagarjunasagar that can be visited as a one-day trip from Hyderabad.

Environmental aspects

The artificial lift irrigation based diversion of the river from its natural delta area into Nalgonda district caused erosion of the Fluorine rich volcanic rocks in Nalgonda and contaminated its groundwter supply. It also caused uncertain flows of water into the Krishna river delta area and a shrinkage of the natural wonder "The Kolleru Lake".^[15] The use of erosion resistant canals interfered with the natural silting process of a river to the deltas and created long-term ecological issues to the health of the delta lands. Reduced flows into the sea resulted in land salination and sea encroachment of coastal lands in Diviseema. The diversion of Krishna water for 200 km to Hyderabad resulted in massive evaporation losses especially in summer and reduced the size of Krishna river. The river water needs to be lifted 1600 ft above its natural flow for it to reach Hyderabad, power consumption that is unjustifiable given that there are cheaper ways to get water to Hyderabad. Nagarjuna Sagar , Srisailam, Almatti and Ujjani dams together successfully halted the flow of Krishna River before it reaches the delta and is good case study of how to kill a mighty river with poor environmental oversight - the fourth largest in the country. Hamsaladeevi the point where Krishna used to meet the ocean does not have Hamsalu (swan) and the Deevi (island) will merge into the ocean in the next decade. Desertification of various flood plains is already recorded. Many forest preserves along the natural Krishna flow are now categorized as "completely degraded" forest areas. Krishna river once home to an ecological wonderland of fresh water fish and aquatic population is now completely depopulated. The river stopped being navigable since the year of Nagarjuna sagar construction.

Impact on Hyderabad water security

Water planning for Hyderabad city started in 1920 with the tapping of Musi river for 15 Mgd. It progressed to tapping Esi (Himayat Sagar 1927 - 11mgd) and Manjira (1965 - 1993 - Majira and Singur dams) for another additional 130 Mgd. It took a huge leap during 1995 - 2004 with the commissioning of Krishna river water project (Phases I - III) at a total cost of over ten thousand crores to supply an additional 190Mgd to Hyderabad from Nagarjuna sagar away from the Krishna Delta and the Kolleru lake.^[16] The project incurs an additional evaporation and leakage loss of 64 Mgd. About 30% of the water naturally flowing to Krishna Delta before 1995 is now diverted to Hyderabad.

Future potential

Tapping dead storage potential

The left and right bank canals sill level is fixed at {{convert|490|ft|m|0}} MSL to supply irrigation water to two million acres. The unutilized storage capacity is nearly 180 TMC below the canals sill/bed level.^[17] Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir also meets the Krishna delta water requirements to the extent of 80 TMC by letting water down stream into the river. Nearly {{convert|1.3|e6acre}} is irrigated under Krishna Delta Canals. There is a possibility to utilize most of this idle dead storage capacity to store the river flood water further and to use as carry over storage. Nearly 150 TMC idle storage up to {{convert|380|ft|m|0}} MSL, can be used leaving 30 TMC for silt settlement. This is possible by installing Water Powered Pump^[18] (WPP) units at the base of the dam.

WPP units are to be located at the toe of the Nagarjuna Sagar dam with tail water level of {{convert|240|ft|m|0}} MSL on either side of the river. The WPP units can be connected below {{convert|380|ft|m|0}} MSL level to the reservoir with the technique called under water reservoir / lake tapping.^[19] Under water lake tapping method was implemented successfully in Koyna Hydroelectric Project to install additional hydroelectric units without emptying the Koyna reservoir. The cost would be Rs 15 billion for utilizing 150 TMC storage additionally. If the same storage is created under a new reservoir, it would cost not less than Rs 200 billion. Water can be supplied to high level canals at sill {{convert|580|ft|m|0}} MSL on both right and left banks without consuming electricity with WPP units to irrigate dry lands further in Nalgonda, Warangal, Khammam, and Guntur districts. As a further cheaper solution to utilise the available dead storage water partially (up to 50 TMC), the existing river chutes available on both sides of the dam at sill level {{convert|450|ft|m|0}} MSL, can be used for providing water supply to the WPP units without the need of lake tapping.^[9] There is no need of lake tapping on the left bank side and the existing river diversion tunnel can be used to supply water to the WPP units for pumping water into Nagarjuna Sagar left canal. This option is best suitable for feeding the right canal as it is not consuming any power for pumping water and some water is to be released for Krishna delta needs by AP state.

There is a cheaper possibility to pump water into the left canal when the reservoir water is below its sill level {{convert|490|ft|m|0}} MSL by using the reversible turbines (7 x 100 MW) of existing hydro power station on the left bank of the river. Water would be released into the down stream tail pond through the hydro power station or the existing diversion tunnel. When water is to be pumped into the left canal, the water released into the downstream tail pond is pumped back into a contour canal which connects the hydro power station and the left canal intake point.^[17] This contour canal is nearly 10 km long and located inside the Nagarjunasagar reservoir area situated at {{convert|510|ft|m|0}} MSL. Only three units of the reversible turbines are required to feed nearly 12,000 cusecs water to the left canal at its MDDL level and rest of four reversible units can be used for power generation by releasing water into the tail pond. The pen-stock inlets of the three unit at {{convert|125|m|ft|0}} MSL are to be connected with the extension piping (4.8 m diameter) to feed the contour canal at 510 ft MSL. The extension piping is disconnected when water pumping to left canal is not required to restore the hydro power units normal working. When reservoir level is at its FRL level, the canal and the extension piping get submerged under water without undergoing any damage as the contour canal is away from the spillway of the dam or flood flow path. Thus both Telangana and AP states can use the reservoir dead storage water fully to ensure water supply for the command area under the left canal even during drought years.

Alternatively, floating/barge mounted pumps can be installed along with associated piping on the reservoir bed to pump water from the reservoir's dead storage into left and right bank canals and the approach channel of the existing pump house of Hyderabad water supply scheme during drought years. During the good monsoon years, when the reservoir water level is above the dead storage level, the same barge mounted pumps can be used regularly to pump water into the existing high level (flood flow) canal (near {{Coord|16|39|27|N|79|15|43|E|name=Flood flow canal}}) located on the left bank of the reservoir in Nalgonda district. Similarly, during the good monsoon years, a lift irrigation scheme can be taken up with the help of the same barge mounted pumps to lift water from the reservoir (near {{Coord|16|21|41|N|79|14|31|E|name=Proposed lift scheme}}) by 45 m height for irrigating nearly 200,000 acres of uplands situated adjacent to the reservoir in Guntur district. Thus all the installed barge mounted mobile pump houses can be used for regular pumping needs to maximise the water use from the reservoir every year.

Another option is to separate a small portion of the reservoir by constructing a weir up to {{convert|510|ft|m|0}} MSL along with an underground pumping station at {{Coord|16|37|21|N|79|16|01|E|name=Underground pumping station}} to maintain gravity flow to the left bank canal side from the lower level dead storage water of the main reservoir. When the reservoir water level is above 510 ft MSL, the weir would get submerged and water flows to left canal without any pumping as usual.

One more option is to use water transferred from Srisailam reservoir by the SRLBC tunnel to Akkampalli balancing reservoir for feeding NS left canal when the dead storage water is being used for the NS right bank needs. Water would be released downstream from the Akkampalli reservoir and picked up by a 6 km long feeder canal from a diversion weir at {{Coord|16|45|11|N|79|14|01|E|name=Diversion weir at Battugudam}} to feed into the NS left canal near Alwala. NS left bank side flood flow canal can also be supplied water by gravity from the Srisailam reservoir in a similar way when NS reservoir water level falls below the full supply level of the flood flow canal.

The minimum draw down level (MDDL) of the river based hydro power units is approximately {{convert|125|m|ft|0}} MSL with minimum 50 meters head available for power generation.^[17] Through the hydro power units, water can be released into the down stream river / tail pond to further pump into the existing right and left canals by installing pump houses on both sides of the river. Thus nearly 100 TMC of dead storage water available below the canals MDDL ({{convert|155|m|ft|0}} MSL) can be utilised for irrigation purpose. However the minimum head required for the hydro power units is 75 meters to generate power at grid frequency of 50 Hz.

It is technically feasible to generate power by the existing hydro turbines from lower head (75 to 50 meters) at lower frequency and the lower frequency power can be upgraded / converted to normal grid frequency (50 Hz) by installing HVDC converters before feeding power into the grid.^[20] The unused converter stations of HVDC Sileru–Barsoor transmission link can be relocated and utilised for this purpose. With minor modifications to the electrical systems of hydro power units, nearly 100 TMC water available in the dead storage of the reservoir can be put to use every year.

The reservoir dead storage water below the 125 m MSL can be released into the downstream river through the existing diversion tunnel which was in use to divert the river flow during the dam construction.^[9]

Assured water supply to Hyderabad city

At present nearly one Tmcft per month or 250 million gallons per day or 350 cusecs is supplied to the Hyderabad city from Nagarjuna Sagar (NS) reservoir.^[21] The water supply is nearly 50% of the total city water requirement. This water pumping scheme is part of Alimineti Madhava Reddy lift irrigation project with its foreshore pumping station at Puttamgandi which has nearly 2400 cusecs pumping capacity.^[22] The water supply to the Hyderabad city is nearly 15% of its total capacity. The approach channel from the reservoir to the Puttamgandi pump house (PH) is located at {{Coord|16|34|31|N|79|07|51|E|name=Puttangadi PH approach channel}} where the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is joining the Krishna river.^[23] The minimum draw down level (MDDL) of the PH is {{convert|502|ft|m|0}} MSL below which water can not be pumped from NS reservoir.^[24] The reliability / dependability of the PH for supplying assured water supply to Hyderabad city, is not adequate due to meagre inflows into the NS reservoir in some years and the need to deplete the NS reservoir water below 502 ft MSL for other purposes. In these circumstances, adequate water is to be stored above the 502 ft MSL to maintain 100% assured water source without depending totally on NS reservoir.^[25]

This is possible by constructing a balancing reservoir by separating some area of the NS reservoir with a new dam across the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary at {{Coord|16|34|33|N|79|06|53|E|name=Proposed dam location}} just upstream of the Puttamgandi PH approach channel. This new dam with FRL {{convert|590|ft|m|0}} MSL, would not submerge any additional area other than the area already submerged by the NS reservoir. The water inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary joining the NS reservoir are first impounded by the new dam and if found excess over flows into the downstream NS reservoir. This new balancing reservoir's live capacity is nearly 6 Tmcft above the 502 ft MDDL which is equal to six months water supply to the Hyderabad city. This reservoir would have provision to receive water from the Puttamgandi PH when inflows from the Bhimanapalli Vagu tributary is not satisfactory and water is at adequate level in NS reservoir during monsoon months. When water level of NS reservoir goes below the 502 ft MSL, water is fed to the Puttamgandi PH approach channel from the new balancing reservoir for pumping water needs of Hyderabad city. The cost of this new dam project would be nearly 1.5 billion rupees only which will provide 100% assured water supply to the Hyderabad city without depending on the water availability from NS reservoir during the non monsoon months and drought years.^[25]

Godavari water transfer via Nagarjuna Sagar left canal

The Nagarjuna Sagar left canal is presently supplying nearly 130 TMC water for irrigation needs in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states. This is a contour gravity canal with gradual downward gradient (≃ 1:10,000) along the water flow direction. This canal can be used for transferring nearly 80 TMC Godavari river water into the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir in addition to supplying the Godavari water under its entire command area. Thus total 210 TMC Godavari water can be used in the Krishna basin of Telangana state from Srisailam and Jurala reservoirs for the new projects with 100% water dependability. Godavari water transferred into Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir/Krishna main river can also be used for the proposed Palamuru lift irrigation and Nakkalagandi lift irrigation schemes in Telangana.

This is possible by re-engineering of the left canal to reverse its water flow direction from the location (near {{Coord|17|22|13|N|80|21|43|E|type:landmark_region:AP}}) where Godavari water would be pumped into this canal. The canal embankments would be raised to facilitate flow reversing towards Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and intermediate pumping stations (with low head & high flow concrete volute pumps) would be installed near the Paleru balancing reservoir, Pedda Devulapalli balancing reservoir, left canal head regulator on the rim of Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir and the existing major aqueducts across Halia, Musi and Munneru tributaries. The cost of this canal redesigning and the associated pump houses would be one third of a new scheme to transfer Godavari river water into Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir at its FRL {{convert|590|ft|m|0}} MSL with least possible total pumping head.^[26] The above re-engineering of the canal is similar to modifications carried out to reverse the water flow of ancient Grand canal under Eastern Route project of South to North Water Transfer in China.^[27]