| 释义 |
- E
- F
- G
- H
- References
{{Names of European cities in different languages}}E| English name | Other names or former names | | Edinburgh | Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic)*, Dún Éideann (Irish)*, Àidīngbǎo - 爱丁堡 [simplified characters] / 愛丁堡 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese)*, Caeredin (Welsh)*,{{listref>KNAB}} Dinedin*/Din Edin{{listref|KNAB}} (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx)*, Edhimvúrgho - Εδιμβούργο (Greek)*, Édimbourg (French)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edimburg (Catalan*,{{listref|KNAB}} Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*,{{listref|KNAB}} Portuguese*,{{listref|KNAB}} Spanish*,{{listref|KNAB}} Tagalog*), Edinbara - เอดินบะระ (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edinboarch (West Frisian)*, Edinborg (Icelandic)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edinbro - אדינברו (Hebrew)*, Edinburc (Friulian)*, Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, and German [rare]*, Romanian*), Èdinburg - Эдинбург (Russian)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edinburg - Едінбурґ (alternate Ukrainian)*, Edinburga (Latvian)*, Edinburgas (Lithuanian)*, Edinburgi - ედინბურგი (Georgian)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edinburk (Czech)*, Edynburg (Polish)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Edinburg - Единбург (Bulgarian, Ukrainian)*, Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ - 에든버러 (Korean), Ejimbara - エジンバラ (Japanese)*, Embra, Embro* (Scots), Eṭiṉparō - எடின்பரோ (Tamil)*, Ngoidìngbóu - 愛丁堡 (Cantonese)* | | Edirne | Adhrianúpoli - Αδριανούπολη (Greek)*, Adrianopel (former German)*, Adrianopla (Portuguese)*, Adrianople (former English)*, Adrianopojë* or Εdrene* (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol' - Адрианополь (former Russian)*, Adrianopole (Romanian)*, Adrianopoli (old Italian*, Finnish*), Adrianopolis (Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish)*, Drinápoly (Hungarian)*, Drinopol (variant in Czech* and Slovak*), Edirne - Эдирне (Russian)*, Ədirnə (Azeri)*, Hadrianople (former variant in English)*, Hadrianopolis (Latin)*, Jedrene - Једрене (Serbian)*, Odrin - Одрин (Bulgarian*), Odrin - Одрин or Edrene - Едрене (Macedonian*), Uskudama (Thracian) | | Eger | Agria (Latin)*, Eger (Hungarian*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Eğri (Turkish)*, Erlau (German)*, Jager (Czech, old)*, Jáger (Slovak)*, Jagier (former Polish)* | | Eisenhüttenstadt | Eisenhüttenstadt (German)*, Stalinstadt (former German)* | | Eisenstadt | Kismarton (Hungarian)*, Železno (Slovene)*, Željezno (Croatian)* (note: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages) | | Elbląg | Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbing (German)*, El'bing - Эльбинг (former Russian), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blong - Эльблонг (Russian)*, Ilfing (Old Danish)*, Truso (Old Prussian) | | Elista | Elista - Элиста (Russian), Elista - Еліста (Ukrainian), Elst - Элст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name)* | | Ełk | Ełk (Polish)*, Lyck (German)* | | Elsinore | Elseneur (French)*, Elsenor (Portuguese)*, Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian)*, Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*) | | Emmerich | Emmerich (German)*, Emmerik (Dutch)* | | Erlangen | Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete)* | | Espoo | Aīsībō - 埃斯波 (Chinese)*, Esbo (Swedish)*, Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Espoo - Эспоо (Russian)*, Esupō - エスポー (Japanese)* | | Esztergom | Estergon (Turkish)*, Eštergon (Serbian)*, Estergom - Эстергом (Russian)*, Esztergom (Hungarian)*, Gran (German)*, Ostrihom (Slovak)*, Ostřihom (Czech)*, Ostrogon (Croatian)*, Ostrzyhom (Polish)*, Solva* and Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio* (ancient Italian), Strigoniu (Romanian)* | | Eupen | Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe* or Naouwe* (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon)* | | Exeter | Exonia (Latin)*, Karesk (Cornish)*, Caerwysg (Welsh)* |
F| English name | Other names or former names | | Famagusta | Ammóchostos - Αμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French)*, Famagusta (English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish, Cypriot Turkish*) | | Feldkirch | Feldkirch (German)*, San Peder (Romansh) | | Feodosia | Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), Kafa - {{lang>uk|Кафа}} (archaic Ukrainian), Käfä - {{lang|tt|Кәфә}} (Kazan Tatar), Káffas {{lang|el|Κάφφας}} (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), Feodosija - {{lang|ru|Феодосия}} (Russian), Feodosija - {{lang|uk|Феодосія}} (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), Tʿeodosia - {{lang|hy|Թեոդոսիա}} (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), Theodhosía - {{lang|el|Θεοδωσία}} (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French) | | Flensburg | Flensborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*), Flensbourg (French)*, Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese)*, Flensbörg (Gronings), Swedish*) | | Flims | Flem (Romansh)*, Flims (German)* | | Florence | Fflorens (Welsh)*, Firenca (*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Firence (Slovene)*, Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon)*, Flórans (Irish)*, Floransa (Turkish)*, Florença (Portuguese)*, Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan)*, Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech)*, Florencija (Lithuanian)*, Florencja (Polish)*, Florens (Swedish*, former Danish*), Florenţa (Romanian)*, Florentía - Φλωρεντία (Greek)*, Florentsiya - Флоренція (Ukrainian)*, Florentsiya - Флоренция (Russian)*, Florenz (German)*, Fóluólúnsi - 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e - 피렌체 (Korean), Firentse - フィレンツェ (Japanese)* | | Flushing | Flesinga (Spanish)*, Flessinga (Italian)*, Flessingue (French)*, Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch)* | | Fort Augustus | Cille Chuimein (Scots Gaelic)*, Cille Chuimein (Irish)*, Fort Augustus (English*, German*, French*, Dutch*), Forte Augusto (Italian)*, Kiliwhimin (former English & Scots) | | Frankfurt am Main | Fǎlánkèfú - 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese)*,Francfort (Catalan)*, Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish)*, Francfort-sur-le-Main (French)*, Francfurt (Romansh) *, Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese)*, Francoforte sul Meno (Italian)*, Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), Frankfoúrti (epí tou Máin) - Φρανκφούρτη (επί του Μάιν) (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn - פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew)*, Frankfurt am Main (German)*, Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian)*, Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish)*, Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech)*, Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak)*, Frankfurt-na-Mayne - Франкфурт-на-Майне (Russian)*, Frankfurt-na-Mayni - Франкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian)*, Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian)*, Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian)*, Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian)*, Furankufuruto - フランクフルト (Japanese)*, (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish)*, Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian)*, Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri)*, Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ - 프랑크푸르트 (Korean) | | Frankfurt (Oder) | Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish)*, Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French)*, Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese)*, Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian)*, Frankfurt (Oder) (German)*, Frankfurt an der Oder (German)*, Frankfurt nad Odrą (Polish)*, Frankfurt nad Odrou (Slovak*, Czech*), Frankfurt-na-Odere - Франкфурт-на-Одере (Russian)*, Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian)*, Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian)*, Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian)*, (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish)*, Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian)*, (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri)*, Frankfoúrti (epí tou Odérou) - Φρανκφούρτη (επί του Οδέρου) (Greek)*, Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian)*, | | Freiburg | Frajburg (Serbian)*, Freiburg im Breisgau (German)*, Freiburga (Latvian)*, Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French)*, Fribourg (French), Friburgo (Portuguese)*, Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish)*, Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian)*, Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish)*, Furaiburugu - フライブルク (Japanese)* | | Freising | Brižinje* and Brižine* (Slovene), Freising (German)*, Fresinga (Spanish variant)*, Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French)*, Fryzynga (Polish)* | | Fribourg | Freiburg im Üechtland (German)*, Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (French*, Finnish*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish)* | | Frombork | Frauenburg (German)*, Frombork (Polish)* |
G| English name | Other names or former names | | Galway | Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)* | | Gävle | Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1910), Gevalia (Latin) | | Gdańsk | Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)* | | Gdynia | Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939-1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)* | | Geneva | Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*,Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)* | | Genoa | Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova* - Gênova* ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα*- Γένουα* (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)* | | Gevgelija | Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish) | | Ghent | Gent - גנט (Hebrew)*, Gand (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*), Gandava (Latin)*,[1] Gandawa (Polish)*, Gante (Galician, Spanish)*, Gaunt (older English) *, Gent (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Indonesian*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Ģente (Latvian)*, Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek)*, Guanto (old Italian)* | | Gibraltar | Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)* | | Girona | Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)* | | Gjirokastër | Argirocastro (Italian)*,{{listref>KNAB}} Argirokastro - {{lang|bg|Аргирокастро}} (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*,[2] Argyrókastro - {{lang|el|Αργυρόκαστρο}} (Greek)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Argyrókastron - {{lang|el|Αργυρόκαστρον}} (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - {{lang|sr|Ђирокастра}} (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish),{{listref|KNAB}} Ergiri (Turkish)*,[3] Ergirikasrı (Turkish),[3] Girokastra - {{lang|ru|Гирокастра}} (Russian)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Ǵirokastro - {{lang|mk|Ѓирокастро}} (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër*/Gjirokastra* (Albanian),{{listref|KNAB}} Ljurocastru (Aromanian){{see also|Names of Gjirokastër}} | | Glarus | Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*) | | Glastonbury | Glaistimbir* - Glaistimbir na nGael* - Gloineistir* (Irish) | | Glasgow | Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)* | | Gliwice | Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)* | | Gloucester | Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)* | | Głogów | Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)* | | Glücksburg | Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)* | | Gödöllő | Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)* | | Gmünd | Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)* | | Gomel | Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish) | | Gorizia | Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish) | | Görlitz | Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian) | | Gorzów Wielkopolski | Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)* | | Gothenburg | Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)* | | Göttingen | Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*) | | Gramzow | Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)* | | Granada | al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - {{lang>grc|Ἐλιβύργη}} (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis* or Illiberi Liberini* (Latin) | | Graz | Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, former Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)* | | Greifswald | Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian) | | Grenoble | Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (azərbaycanca)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)* | | Groningen | Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames) | | Grozny | Caharkala* or Caharkale* (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish)*, Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznij (Slovene), Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen) | | Grudziądz | Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*, | | Günzburg | Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*) | | Gusev | Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)* | | Győr | Arrabona / Arabona{{listref>KNAB}} (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*); Dėras (Lithuanian*{{listref|KNAB}}), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian*{{listref|KNAB}}), Ģēra (Latvian*), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*,{{listref|KNAB}} Ráb (older Czech*,{{listref|KNAB}} older Slovak{{listref|KNAB}}), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese) |
H| English name | Other names or former names | | Haderslev | Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)* | | Haguenau | Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)* | | Halden | Fredrikshald (former name)* | | Hamburg | Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)* | | Hämeenlinna | Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)* | | Hamelin | Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*) | | Hanau | Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)* | | Hanover | Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)* | | Hasselt | Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgian*, Romanian*), Hasse* / Hasque* / Hassèl* (Walloon) | | Heerlen | Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)* | | Heligoland | Dät Luun (North Frisian)*, Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)* | | Helsingborg | Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish) | | Helsinki | Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Helsset (North Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang) | | Heraklion | Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia* / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)* | | 's-Hertogenbosch | Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), Den Bos (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*) | | Holyhead | Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)* | | Hoyerswerda | Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)* | | Hrodna | Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)* | | Huesca | Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)* | | Hum | Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian) | | Huy | Hoei (Dutch)*, Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*) |
References{{listref/reflist|liststyle=square
|id1=KNAB |ref1={{cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/p_mm_en.htm |title=KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI |publisher=Eki.ee |date= |accessdate=2013-01-01}}
}}1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/esperanto/voko/revo/art/gent1.html|title=Gent/o|work=Universität Leipzig}}
2. ^J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) [https://archive.org/details/orbislatinusode00graegoog Ed. 1861] Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
3. ^1 Ali, Çaksu (2006). [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=smhpAAAAMAAJ&q=Ergiri&dq=Ergiri&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003]. Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."
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