“Dinaric Alps”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Dinaric Alps ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|n|ɑːr|ɪ|k|ˈ|æ|l|p|s}}; {{IPA-sq|alpɛt dinaɾikɛ}}, {{IPA-sl|dìnarskòː gòːrstvòː}}, {{IPA-sh|dìnarskòː gòːrjeː}}, {{IPA-it|alpi dinarikɛ}}), also commonly Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southeastern Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea. They stretch from Italy in the northwest through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo to Albania in the southeast.^[1]^[2]

The Dinaric Alps extend for approximately {{convert|645|km|mi|0}} along the Western Balkan Peninsula from the Julian Alps to the northwest in Italy, downwards to the Šar and Korab massif, where their direction changes. The Albanian Alps, or Prokletije, is the highest section of the entire Dinaric Alps; this section stretches from Albania to Kosovo and eastern Montenegro. Maja Jezercë is the highest peak and is located in Albania, standing at {{convert|2,694|m|ft|0}} above the Adriatic.

The Dinaric Alps are one of the most rugged and extensively mountainous areas of Europe, alongside the Caucasus Mountains, Alps, Pyrenees and Scandinavian Mountains.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} They are formed largely of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of dolomite, limestone, sand and conglomerates formed by seas and lakes that once covered the area. During the Alpine earth movements that occurred 50–100 million years ago, immense lateral pressures folded and overthrust the rocks in a great arc around the old rigid block of the northeast. The Dinaric Alps were thrown up in more or less parallel ranges, stretching like necklaces from the Julian Alps as far as northern Albania and Kosovo, where the mountainous terrain subsides to make way for the waters of the Drin River and the plains of Kosovo.

Name

The Dinarides are named after Mount Dinara (1,831 m), a prominent peak in the center of the mountain range on the border with the Dalmatian part of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[3] The chain is called Alpet Dinaride or Alpet Dinarike in Albanian, Dinaridi/Динариди in Serbo-Croatian, Dinarsko gorstvo in Slovene and Alpi Dinariche in Italian.

Geology

The Mesozoic limestone forms a very distinctive region of the Balkans, notable for features such as the Karst, which has given its name to all such terrains of limestone eroded by groundwater. The Dinarides are known for being composed of karst — limestone rocks — as is Dinara, the mountain for which they were named.^[3] The Quaternary ice ages had relatively little direct geologic influence on the Balkans. No permanent ice caps existed, and there is little evidence of extensive glaciation. Only the highest summits of Durmitor, Orjen and Prenj have glacial valleys and moraines as low as {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. However, in the Prokletije, a range on the northern Albanian border that runs east to west (thus breaking the general geographic trend of the Dinaric system), there is evidence of major glaciation. One geological feature of great importance to the present-day landscape of the Dinarides must be considered in more detail: that of the limestone mountains, often with their attendant faulting. They are hard and slow to erode, and often persist as steep jagged escarpments, through which steep-sided gorges and canyons are cleft by the rivers draining the higher slopes.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The partially submerged western Dinaric Alps form the numerous islands and harbors along the Croatian coast.

Rivers in Dinaric karst

The most extensive example of limestone mountains in Europe are those of the Karst of the Dinaric Alps. Here, all the characteristic features are encountered again and again as one travels through this wild and underpopulated country. Limestone is a very porous rock, yet very hard and resistant to erosion. Water is the most important corrosive force, dissolving the limestone by chemical action of its natural acidity. As it percolates down through cracks in the limestone it opens up fissures and channels, often of considerable depth, so that whole systems of underground drainage develop. During subsequent millennia these work deeper, leaving in their wake enormous waterless caverns, sinkholes and grottoes and forming underground labyrinths of channels and shafts. The roofs of some of these caverns may eventually fall in, to produce great perpendicular-sided gorges, exposing the water to the surface once more.

The Dinaric rivers carved many canyons characteristic for Dinaric Alps, and in particular karst. Among largest and most well known are the Neretva, the Rakitnica, the Prača (river), the Drina, the Sutjeska, the Vrbas, Ugar, the Piva, the Tara, the Komarnica, the Morača, the Cem/Ciijevna, the Lim, and the Drin.

Only along the Dinaric gorges is communication possible across the Karst, and roads and railways tunnel through precipitous cliffs and traverse narrow ledges above roaring torrents. A number of springs and rivers rise in the Dinaric range, including Jadro Spring noted for having been the source of water for Diocletian's Palace at Split.^[4] At the same time, the purity of these rocks is such that the rivers are crystal clear, and there is little soil-making residue. Water quality testing of the Jadro River, for example, indicates the low pollutant levels present.^[5] Rock faces are often bare of vegetation and glaring white, but what little soil there is may collect in the hollows and support lush lime-tolerant vegetation, or yield narrow strips of cultivation.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Human activity

Ruins of fortresses dot the mountainous landscape, evidence of centuries of war and the refuge the Dinaric Alps have provided to various armed forces. During the Roman period, the Dinarides provided shelter to the Illyrians resisting Roman conquest of the Balkans, which began with the conquest of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 3rd century BC. Rome conquered the whole of Illyria in 168 BC, but these mountains sheltered Illyrian resistance forces for many years until the area's complete subjugation by 14 AD. More recently, the Ottoman Empire failed to fully subjugate the mountainous areas of Montenegro. In the 20th century, too, the mountains provided favourable terrain for guerrilla warfare, with Yugoslav Partisans organising one of the most successful Allied resistance movements of World War II.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The area remains underpopulated, and forestry and mining remain the chief economic activities in the Dinaric Alps. The people of the Dinaric Alps are on record as being the tallest in the world, with an average male adolescent height of {{convert|185.6|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} and a female adolescent average height of {{convert|171.0|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}.^[6] The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina have the highest recorded average of any single country, with 183.9 cm average for men and 172.72 cm for women.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Mountain passes

Tunnels

Mountains and plateaus

The mountains and plateaus within the Dinarides are found in the following regions:

Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Italy

Kosovo

Montenegro

Serbia

Slovenia

Notes and references

1. ^Profile, dictionary.reference.com; accessed 25 August 2015.
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://adventure-driven-vacations.com/adv/travel/dinaric-alps/|title=Visit Dinaric Alps|publisher=}}
3. ^¹{{cite web |author1=Mladen Garasic |author2=Davor Garasic |title=Speleogenesis in Dinaric karst area |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710058G |pages=10058 |date=1 April 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17691|title=C.Michael Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", A. Burnham ed, 6 October 2007|publisher=The Megalithic Portal|accessdate=19 August 2012}}
5. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/337131806h5t3n47|title= The Pollution Load by Nitrogen and Phosphorus IN the Jadro River|accessdate=19 August 2012 | doi=10.1007/s10661-005-9066-8|volume=123|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|pages=13–30}}
6. ^{{cite journal|title=Les Alpes Dinariques : un peuple de sujets de grande taille Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps |date=24 May 2012|pmid=16168365 | doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.004|volume=328|issue=9|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|pages=841–6 | last1 = Pineau | first1 = JC | last2 = Delamarche | first2 = P | last3 = Bozinovic | first3 = S| quote=This study contributes to an update of average heights among European populations. Our investigation covering 2705 boys and 2842 girls aged 17 years, shows that, contrary to the general belief, adolescents of the Dinaric Alps are, on average, the tallest in Europe. With an average height of 185.6 cm, they are taller than Dutch adolescents (184 cm on average).}}
7. ^{{cite web|author1=Stevo Popović|author2=Gabriela Doina Tanase|author3=Duško Bjelica|title=Body Height and Arm Span in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults,|url=http://www.mjssm.me/clanci/MJSSM_March_2015_Popovic_29-36.pdf|website=mjssm.me|publisher=Montennegro Journal of Sports Sci. Medicine 4 (2015) 1: Original scientific paper|accessdate=4 September 2016|pages=29–36|language=English|format=.pdf|date=2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-tallest-average-heights.html|title=Countries With The Tallest Average Heights|publisher=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.klix.ba/magazin/zanimljivosti/bih-na-prvom-mjestu-liste-zemalja-s-najvisim-ljudima-u-svijetu/160517141|title=BiH na prvom mjestu liste zemalja s najvišim ljudima u svijetu|publisher=}}
10. ^Summitpost. Dinaric Alps: Passes in the Dinaric Alps, accessed 11-19-2008
11. ^Dinaric Alps, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.