“Dinka people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Dinka people ({{lang-din|Jiɛ̈ɛ̈ŋ}}) are a Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan, but also having a sizable diaspora population. They mostly live along the Nile, from Mangalla to Renk, in regions of Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile (former two of three Southern Provinces in Sudan) and Abyei Area of the Ngok Dinka in South Sudan.

The Dinka mainly live on traditional agriculture and pastoralism, relying on cattle husbandry as a cultural pride, not for commercial profit or for meat, but cultural demonstrations, rituals, marriages' dowries and milk feedings for all ages. The Dinka cultivate food crops and cash crops. The food crops are grains, mainly sorghum and millet. The cash crops include groundnuts, sesame and gum-arabic. Cattle are confined to riversides, the Sudd and grass areas during the dry season, but are taken to high grounds in order to avoid floods and water during the rainy season.

They number around 4.5 million people according to the 2008 Sudan census, constituting about 18% of the population^[1] of the entire country, and the largest ethnic tribe in South Sudan. Dinka, or as they refer to themselves, Muonyjang (singular) and jieng (plural), make up one of the branches of the River Lake Nilotes (mainly sedentary agripastoral peoples of the Nile Valley and African Great Lakes region who speak Nilotic languages, including the Nuer and Luo).^[2] Dinka are sometimes noted for their height. With the Tutsi of Rwanda, they are believed to be the tallest people in Africa.^[3] Roberts and Bainbridge reported the average height of {{convert|182.6|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in a sample of 52 Dinka Agaar and {{convert|181.3|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in 227 Dinka Ruweng measured in 1953–1954.^[4] However, it seems the stature of today's Dinka males is lower, possibly as a consequence of undernutrition and conflicts. An anthropometric survey of Dinka men, war refugees in Ethiopia, published in 1995 found a mean height of {{convert|176.4|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}.^[5] Other studies of comparative historical height data and nutrition place the Dinka as the tallest people in the world.^[6]

The Dinka people have no centralised political authority, instead comprising many independent but interlinked clans. Some of those clans traditionally provide ritual chiefs, known as the "masters of the fishing spear" or beny bith,^[7] who provide leadership for the entire people and appear to be at least in part hereditary.

Their language, called Dinka or "Thuɔŋjäŋ" (Thoŋ ë Muɔnyjäŋ), is one of the Nilotic languages of the eastern Sudanic language family. The name means "people" in the Dinka language. It is written using the Latin alphabet with a few additions.

History

Precolonial history

According to oral traditions the Dinka originated from the Gezira in what is now Sudan. In medieval times this region was dominated by the kingdom of Alodia,^[8] a Christian, multi-ethnic empire dominated by Nubians.^[9] Living in its southern periphery and interacting with the Nubians, the Dinka absorbed a sizable amount of the Nubian vocabulary.^[10] From the 13th century, with the disintegration of Alodia, the Dinka began to migrate out of the Gezira, fleeing slave raids and other military conflicts as well as droughts.^[11]

Colonial period

As part of Sudan

The Dinka's religions, beliefs and lifestyle have led to conflict with the Arab Muslim government in Khartoum. The Sudan People's Liberation Army, led by late Dr. John Garang De Mabior, a Dinka, took arms against the government in 1983. During the subsequent 21-year civil war, many thousands of Dinka, along with fellow non-Dinka southerners, were massacred by government forces. The Dinka, led by Salva Kiir Mayardit, have also engaged in a separate civil war with the Nuer and other groups who accuse them of monopolising power.^[12]

Bor massacre

On November 15, 1991 the event known as the "Dinkas Massacre" commenced in South Sudan. Forces led by the breakaway faction of Riek Machar deliberately killed an estimated 2,000 civilians in Dinkas of Hol, Nyarweng, Twic, Bor and others in villages and wounded several thousand more over the course of two months. It is estimated a 100,000 people left the area following the attack.^[13]

Jieng People also killed in 1991 tribal massacre were people of Khorfulus and Ngok Lual Yak where about 500 people were killed, over 7000 herds of cattle taken, and thousand of houses burnt. The area however remained under the control of SPLA under the command of late General George Athor Deng who later defeated Riek Machar's forces in Panyagor when he reinforced Wuor Mabior of Duk.

Post-Independence

Pastoral strategies

The Dinka's migrations are determined by the local climate, their agro-pastoral lifestyle responding to the periodic flooding and dryness of the area in which they live. They begin moving around May–June at the onset of the rainy season to their “permanent settlements” of mud and thatch housing above flood level, where they plant their crops of millet and other grain products. These rainy season settlements usually contain other permanent structures such as cattle byres (luak) and granaries. During dry season (beginning about December–January), everyone except the aged, ill, and nursing mothers migrates to semi-permanent dwellings in the toic for cattle grazing. The cultivation of sorghum, millet, and other crops begins in the highlands in the early rainy season and the harvest of crops begins when the rains are heavy in June–August. Cattle are driven to the toic in September and November when the rainfall drops off and allowed to graze on harvested stalks of the crops.^[16]

Subdivisions

The Dinka (Jieeng) people has fifty six subdivisions: Rek of Wau (Dinka Marial Baai), Palieupiny Malual, Pajook Malual (Malual Gieernyaang/ Malual Buoth Anyaar), Paliet Malual, Abiem Malual, Twic Mayaardit, Kuac Ayok, Awan Chan, Awan Mou, Wan Parek, Aguok Kuei, Apuk Giir, Apuk Padooc, Apuk Jurwiir, Konggoor, Abiem Mayaar, Lou Ariik, Lou Paheer, Luac (Luanyjang), Luac (Luanykoth), Akook, Thiik, Jalwau, Nyang Akoc, Abuook, Atok, Noi, Leer, Muok, Yaar Ayiei Cikom, Thony, Gok, Kuei (Agaar), Rup (Agaar), Pakam (Agaar), Parial (Agaar), Yak (Agaar), Atuot, Ciec, Aliap, Bor, Twi (Twic of Jonglei), Nyarweng, Hol, Luac Akok(Luac of Khorfulus), Rut, Thoi, Ruweng Paweny, Ngok Lual Yak (Ngok of Malakal), Dongjol, Nyiel, Ageer, Abialaang, Ruweng Paanaruu, Ruweng Aloor and Ngok Jok (Ngok of Abyei). Noted that the Rek, Padaang, Malual and Agaar are groups which are composed of independent sub-divisions, each with known borders and a customary authority which managed the affairs of the section alongside governmental structures. In other word, there is no such thing as "Rek paramount Chief, but Rek paramount chiefs."

The number of Dinka sub-divisions is hotly contested as the border or line between group, sub-division and sections is blurred and often difficult to determine. For example, one can divide the Atuot into Apak and Reel, Boor into Athooc and Gok, and Panaruu into Awet and Kuel and Ciec into Ador and Lou where Ador is sub-divided into Gok and Ajiek.^[17]^[18]^[19] Malual is the largest of those groups, numbering over a million people.

Rek people

The Rek is an ethnic group in South Sudan, a subgroup of the Dinka.^[20] Its members speak South-Western Dinka, also called Rek, a Nilotic language. Many members of this ethnicity are Christians. Some estimates put the Rek population at or exceeding 500,000 people.^[21]

Cultural and religious beliefs

The Dinkas' pastoral lifestyle is also reflected in their religious beliefs and practices. Since the arrival of Abrahamic religions most revere one God, Nhialic, who speaks through spirits that take temporary possession of individuals in order to speak through them. The sacrificing of oxen by the "masters of the fishing spear" is a central component of Dinka religious practice. Age is an important factor in Dinka culture, with young men being inducted into adulthood through an initiation ordeal which includes marking the forehead with a sharp object. Also during this ceremony they acquire a second cow-colour name. The Dinka believe they derive religious power from nature and the world around them, rather than from a religious tome.^[22]

Dinka diaspora

Sizable groups of Dinka refugees may be found in distant lands, including the United States (Jacksonville, Florida and Clarkston, a working-class suburb of Atlanta, Georgia and in the Midwest such as Omaha NE, Des Moines IA, Sioux Falls SD, and Kansas City MO), as well as Edmonton in Canada, and Melbourne and Sydney in Australia.

The experience of Dinka refugees was portrayed in the documentary movies Lost Boys of Sudan by Megan Mylan and Jon Shenk and God Grew Tired Of Us, Joan Hechts' book The Journey of the Lost Boys and the fictionalized autobiography of a Dinka refugee, Dave Eggers' The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng. Other books on and by the Lost Boys include The Lost Boys of Sudan by Mark Bixler, God Grew Tired of Us by John Bul Dau, They Poured Fire On Us From The Sky by Alephonsion Deng, Benson Deng, and Benjamin Ajak and, "A Long Walk to Water" by Linda Sue Park. In 2004 the first volume of the graphic novel 'Echoes of the Lost Boys of Sudan'^[23] was released in Dallas, Texas, United States, chronicling in art and dialogue four lost boys' escapes from the destruction of their hometowns in South Sudan.

Notable Dinka

HRW Banned, Censored, Harassed, and Jailed -Hellman/Hammett Grants Honor 42 Writers for Courage Facing Political Persecution.

On 6 May 2013 Mayom was given an awarded by the South Sudan Red Cross for his coverage of the humanitarian situation in Jonglei state.

References

1. ^Ancient Historical Society Virtual Museum, 2010
2. ^{{cite book |last=Seligman |first=C. G. |first2=Brenda Z. |last2=Seligman |title=Pagan Tribes of the Nilotic Sudan |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1965 |isbn= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/focus/tutsi.html |title=The Tutsi |work=In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa 1885-1960 |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=D. F. |last2=Bainbridge |first2=D. R. |title=Nilotic physique |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |year=1963 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330210309 }}
5. ^{{cite journal |last=Chali |first=D. |year=1995 |title=Anthropometric measurements of the Nilotic tribes in a refugee camp |journal=Ethiopian Medical Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=211–217 |doi= |pmid=8674486 }}
6. ^Eveleth and Tanner (1976) Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, Cambridge University Press; --Floud et al 1990 Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980, p. 6
7. ^{{cite book |first=G. |last=Lienhardt |title=Divinity and Experience: the Religion of the Dinka |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1961 }}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Beswick||first=Stephanie|year=2004|title=Sudan's Blood Memory||publisher=University of Rochester|isbn=1580461514|pages=21–23}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Werner|first=Werner|year=2013|title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche ["Christianity in Nubia. History and shape of an African church"]|language=German|publisher=Lit|isbn=978-3-643-12196-7|page=160}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Beswick||first=Stephanie|year=2004|title=Sudan's Blood Memory||publisher=University of Rochester|isbn=1580461514|page=21}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Beswick||first=Stephanie|year=2004|title=Sudan's Blood Memory||publisher=University of Rochester|isbn=1580461514|pages=29–31}}
12. ^{{cite news|author=|title=As South Sudan implodes, America reconsiders its support for the regime|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21730154-american-officials-are-fed-up-being-lied-violent-crooked|work=The Economist|date=12 October 2017}}
13. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lvVao2vWnxUC&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sudan: Bradt Travel Guide |last=Clammer |first=Paul|year=2005 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |accessdate=22 March 2011}}
14. ^(Roth 2003)
15. ^Roth 2003
16. ^Deng, Francis Mading. The Dinka of the Sudan. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1972.
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.twiceast.org |title=TECOSS |work=Twic East Community of South Sudan |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619034948/http://www.twiceast.org/ |archivedate=2011-06-19 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.twicom.org |title=Sudanese Twic Association of Michigan}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org |title=The UN Refugee Agency |work=UNHCR}}
20. ^{{cite book|last1=Beswick|first1=Stephanie|title=Sudan's blood memory: the legacy of war, ethnicity, and slavery in early South Sudan|date=2006|publisher=Univ. of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, NY [u.a.]|isbn=9781580461511|edition=Reprinted.}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Middleton|first1=John|last2=Tait|first2=David|title=Tribes Without Rulers Studies in African Segmentary Systems.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136532139|pages=97-108}}
22. ^Beswick, S.F. (1994) JAAS XXIX, 3-4 (c) E. J. Brill, Leiden Religious Beliefs
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3022317 |title='Echoes of the Lost Boys of Sudan': Comic Book Tells Harrowing Tale of Refugee Children |publisher=NPR |work=NPR News |first=Catherine |last=Cuellar |date=June 28, 2004}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/05/2013551510382658.html |title=Leader of Dinka tribe killed in Sudan attack |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2013-05-05 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}