| 词条 | National character studies |
| 释义 |
On the other hand, there are scholars who cite benefits in pursuing national character studies such as those who cite its contribution to the modern anthropological understanding of the rise of nations and international relations.[2] National character studies arose from a variety of approaches with Culture and Personality, including the configurationalist approach of Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict, the basic personality structure developed by Ralph Linton and Abram Kardiner, and the modal personality approach of Cora DuBois. These approaches disagreed with each other on the exact relationship between personality and culture. The configurationalist and basic approaches both treated personalities within a culture as relatively homogeneous, while Cora DuBois argued that there are no common personality traits found in every single member of a society. Examples of national character studies in America include those undertaken to differentiate the Japanese character from the Chinese within the initiative of understanding Asians on a more strategic level after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.[3] These were conducted by a group of specialists, including sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists. By 1953, national character studies included the cultures of France, Spain, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Russia, East European Jews, Syria, and China.[4] Major worksMajor works on national character include:
This last monograph led to the demise of National Character Studies and Culture and Personality as a whole due to its poor reception. In it, Gorer argues that the personality of the Russians, so distasteful to their enemies and his sponsor, the Americans, resulting from their practice of swaddling infants, wrapping them tightly in blankets. This, Gorer posited, generated cold and removed personalities in adulthood. This theory became known as the "swaddling hypothesis", and was generally regarded as unworkable, simplistic, and hastily determined. The main contribution of Culture and Personality was to show that, revolutionary at the time, socialization continued beyond infancy and early childhood, and national discourses could have an effect on personal character. The entire approach is now considered defunct. See also
References
1. ^{{Cite book|title=Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance|last=Wiarda|first=Howard|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781472442284|location=London|pages=45}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=Empires, Nations, and Natives: Anthropology and State-Making|last=De L'estoile|first=Benoit|last2=Neiburg|first2=Federico|last3=Sigaud|first3=Lygia|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780822387107|location=Durham|pages=108}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Fear Itself: Enemies Real & Imagined in American Culture|last=Schultz|first=Nancy|publisher=Purdue University Press|year=1999|isbn=1557531145|location=West Lafayette|pages=167}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=The Chinese National Character: From Nationhood to Individuality: From Nationhood to Individuality|last=Sun|first=Warren|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315291154|location=London|pages=}} External links
1 : Social anthropology |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。