“National Council of Young Israel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The National Council of Young Israel (NCYI) or Young Israel (in Hebrew: Yisrael Hatza'ir, ישראל הצעיר), is a synagogue-based Orthodox Judaism organization in the United States with a network of affiliated "Young Israel" synagogues. Young Israel was founded in 1912, in its earliest form, by a group of 15 young Jews on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Their goal was to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to young Americanized Jews, at a time when a significant Jewish education was rare, and most Orthodox institutions were Yiddish-speaking, and oriented to an older, European Jewish demographic.

Today, Young Israel continues to promote Orthodox involvement of modern American Jews, while also advocating for the issues most relevant to its members, including support for Israel and Religious Zionism, and Jewish prisoner support.

History

Early in the 20th century, American Jews were striving primarily for social and economic advancement, often leaving their religious observances behind. Because most jobs required working on Saturdays, observance of the Jewish Sabbath was rare, as were many other traditions.^[1] At the same time, the Reform movement had been expanding rapidly for about 40 years, and with its relaxed religious codes, secularly-educated leadership, and English orientation, attracted an increasing number of young people away from the folds of Orthodoxy.

A group of young Orthodox Jews decided to do what they could to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to their peers, and combat the wave of assimilation by Jews into Reform and secular American society. It developed informally with two programs, one for education and one for worship.

Seminars

The group developed a Friday night (Sabbath) lecture series in 1912, given in English. This was a major innovation in the Orthodox world. They were initially advised by rabbis Israel Friedlander and Mordecai Kaplan on topics and speakers.^[2] However, this was the time period when the Conservative Judaism movement was just starting to break away from Orthodoxy, and Friedlander and Kaplan were early students and faculty of the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary. The JTS rabbis sought to use Young Israel to establish a youth platform for the Conservative movement, and until the end of World War I, the organization had two groups, the firmly Orthodox, and the more liberal group that worked with the Conservative rabbis.

Synagogues

The first Young Israel synagogue was established in 1913 on East Broadway, on Manhattan's Lower East Side. David Warshaw traces the origins of the new synagogue to the summer of 1913, when some members of the YI seminar group were asked into a storefront shul at 205 East Broadway, to complete a minyan. Much to their delight, the shul allowed the new young members to lead services at least once each month.^[3] As they led the services, the Young Israel members introduced some small stylistic changes, that were acceptable to the Orthodox wing and would make the service more palatable to the Young Israel congregants. The changes included singing many parts of the prayer service, and the distribution of worship honors equally, where they had traditionally gone to established, wealthy congregants who could pay for them.

Though the shul predated its Young Israel members, within months, they had attracted so many new young members, that they outgrew the store and moved to the Educational Alliance building. The young people had taken over the shul, itself a novel experience. However, it was not directly linked to the Young Israel lecture series, only sharing a common group of leaders, and the common idea of refreshing Orthodoxy for younger Jews. Recognizing its potential for young Jews everywhere, they named themselves "The Model Synagogue Organization." However, they recognized the synergy with the forums, and renamed the shul Young Israel.

The first name of the shul was prescient. Young Jews in other neighborhoods were soon starting their own Young Israel shuls. However, each was independent, with only informal connections to the original group.

Centralization and Orthodoxy

By the end of World War I, the two Lower East Side groups shared a name, but little else. The Conservative group promoted the seminars, and the Orthodox group was focused on prayer. They reached a truce in 1918 and agreed to join forces in more than just name, and created a single Young Israel organization, led by Irving Bunim, who would be president of NCYI for many years.

By 1920, Bunim and his Orthodox cohort grew nervous about the Conservative wing and their increasing theological changes. They did not like the changes in and of themselves, and these changes also prevented recognition of Young Israel by Orthodox rabbis, which would likely cause Young Israel to become a de facto branch of the Conservative movement. The merger created two years before had also caused the Conservatives to start trying to make changes in the Synagogue arm, which had been exclusively Orthodox. He sought the help of Rabbi Bernard Revel, and was able to convince the entire Young Israel to follow Revel's advice. Between Revel, and extensive networking by Bunim with other potential Young Israel leaders in the Orthodox community, the Conservative rabbis, particularly Kaplan, were shut out of the entire organization, and the movement became firmly Orthodox.

To bolster this success, in 1922 the Orthodox leaders added some basic Orthodox-oriented requirements to the Young Israel charter, such as synagogue requirements for regularly-held services, Torah study, separation of men and women. In 1924, the central group organized a convention for all the other groups that had emulated them (by setting up their own original Young Israel lectures and shuls). The other neighborhood groups agreed to abide by the charter. By 1926, the organization was incorporated, and owned the trademarked name, Young Israel. Any new shuls wishing to use the name would have to get agreement from the central organization, which required subscription to the charter. This prevented any Young Israel shul from moving toward Conservative practice.

Growth

By 1925, Young Israel was extending into social services, and formed a support agency for Sabbath-observant employment that included job placement and vocational training.

Later in the decade, the synagogue network grew to about 25. The central organization developed a Wall Street office with a full-time staff. The office began publishing material regularly for branches and Young Israel members. A few years later, branches starting opening outside of New York. By 1935, there were branches in New York, New England, Chicago, and elsewhere in the Midwest, Canada, and Israel.

Today

In July 2013, Rabbi Perry Tirschwell assumed the position of Executive Director. The new administration has made significant changes in the organization: moving the national office out of Manhattan, putting Viewpoint [magazine] on hold; and creation of two monthly publications whose goal is to share best practices: Shul Solutions and Practical Pulpit.

NCYI serves as the national coordinating agency for nearly 150 Orthodox congregations of nearly 25,000 member families throughout the United States and Canada. NCYI also serves as a resource to its sister organization in Israel, entitled Yisrael Hatzair - "The Young Israel Movement in Israel", encompassing over 50 synagogues in Israel.^[1] It is a grassroots organization administrated on the congregational model, taking its direction from local and national lay leadership as well as rabbis and professional staff. Its socio-cultural outlook is strongly influenced by the Religious Zionist Movement, with strong support of Israel as the homeland for the Jewish people. Congregations belonging to NCYI are generally named "Young Israel of...", followed by the name of the city or neighborhood.^[15]

NCYI is a not-for-profit service organization, as defined by their 501(c)(3) status. The main headquarters is located in Paramus, NJ.

In recent decades, the Orthodox world has seen an increase in women's involvement in synagogue services, except for Haredi institutions. The practice has spread to several Young Israel branches. It is controversial in the Orthodox world, and most rabbis do not allow it. On advice of its rabbinical board, to help stanch the trend, NCYI created a requirement that no women or converts to Judaism could serve as President of any of its synagogues.^[4] This has alienated some Young Israels. According to the Jewish Star,^[5] the rabbi of a synagogue with a female president was threatened by NCYI's leadership.

NCYI headquarters through 2006 was at 3 West 16th Street, a valuable property that it owned. Young Israel of Fifth Avenue leased its synagogue in the same building from NCYI. When NCYI sought to sell the building in 2002, the synagogue sued for breach of their long-standing arrangement, as the sale would require their eviction. The synagogue claimed that they were co-owners of the building. Eventually, a deal was made involving two other parties, the building sold, and NCYI moved its small staff to leased office space in lower Manhattan. However, the other two parties eventually had a falling-out, leading to the synagogue's eviction.^[6]^[7]

The organization had been subject to an investigation by then-New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer's Charities Bureau. According to The Forward: "New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, renowned for his jousts with the titans of corporate America, recently saw his own office tied in knots and thrown into turmoil during a three-year investigation into a small Orthodox synagogue organization."{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Young Israel Council of Rabbis

Divisions

The main divisions are Synagogue Services, Rabbinical Services, and a Benevolent Association (burial society). There are also women's, youth, seniors, and singles departments.

Additional components of the organization are the Women's League, the InterCollegiate Council (ICC), American Friends of Yisrael Hatzair, and the Council of Rabbis.

Well-known branches

Young Israel of Brookline

The congregation is particularly noted for the architecture of its building.^[11] In 1994 the synagogue building suffered a severe fire,^[12] caused by a deteriorated electrical panel ^[13] In 1996, the Young Israel dedicated a new building designed by Graham Gund.^[14] The building has a wrought-iron menorah sculpted by David Tonnesen. Instead of stained glass, the building uses art glass that has the effect of scattering rainbows over the congregation.^[15] Notable members include Aaron Feuerstein ^[16] and Jeff Jacoby. Rabbi Saul Berman is a former rabbi of the Young Israel. The current rabbi is Rabbi David Hellman.

Young Israel of Fifth Avenue

In 1945, when NCYI bought its headquarters building on West 16th Street, it also fostered the development of new branch synagogue on site, The Young Israel of Fifth Avenue. This became a point of contention over 50 years later, when NCYI sold the building. Eventually, due to this rift, the synagogue disaffiliated with Young Israel, and is now known as the Sixteenth Street Synagogue. As of 2013, it does not have its own quarters, and other area synagogues host prayer services that 16th Street members attend.

Young Israel of Flatbush

This was one of the earliest branches, and the affiliate that then-president Irving Bunim chose as the leader, in the 1930s, for instituting rabbinic leadership of Young Israel synagogues. At the time, it was one of the larger shuls, and was initially against getting a rabbi. By winning over such a prominent dissenter, Bunim succeeded in setting a trend for all branches, and Rabbi Solomon Sharfman became the first rabbi.

Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park

The Young Israel of Boro Park was established well before World War II.^[17]^[18]

In the 1980s it merged with Congregation Beth El of Borough Park, which was founded in August, 1902.

Beth-El was and still is known for its famous cantors. Young Israel's present rabbi previously served as youth leader; the Boro Park branch was famous early^[18] on for its youth group.^[19]

References

1. ^¹Young Israel:About Us Accessed December 5, 2007.
2. ^For Kaplan and Friedlander founding Young Israel, see*S. Daniel Breslauer (1994). Mordecai Kaplan's Thought In a Postmodern Age. Scholars Press. p. 25.*Daniel Judah Elazar (1995). Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry. Jewish Publication Society. p. 133.*Daniel Judah Elazar, Rela M. Geffen (2000). The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities. State University of New York Press. p. 24.*Bernard Melvin Lazerwitz (1998). Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism. State University of New York Press. p. 19.*Benny Kraut, "Jewish Survival in Protestant American", in Jonathan D. Sarna (ed.) (1998). Minority Faiths and the American Protestant Mainstream. University of Illinois Press. p. 33.*Jeanette Freidman, "Young Israel", in Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) (2007), Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 21, Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Publishing House. p. 402.
3. ^Kaufman, David. Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History, Brandeis University Press, University Press of New England, 1999, {{ISBN|0-87451-893-8}}, pp. 202-203.
4. ^Leaking Ship: Young Israel on the Rocks Yeshiva University Commentator December 3, 2007
5. ^June 22, 2010
6. ^Wakin, Daniel J. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CE7DB143AF933A05755C0A9659C8B63 "A House Divided, and for Sale; Real Estate Splits Jewish Group and Synagogue"], The New York Times, June 20, 2003. Accessed October 11, 2007.
7. ^{{Cite news|title = After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St.|date = February 1, 2013|url = http://www.jewishPress.com/sections/features/feautures-on-jewish-world/after-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st/2013/02/01/0/?print|last = Eller|first = Sandy|publisher = The Jewish Press|newspaper = The Jewish Press|accessdate = 11 Sep 2013|location = Brooklyn, NY}}Wakin, Daniel J. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405EEDB133BF932A2575AC0A9659C8B63 "Metro Briefing|New York: Manhattan: Synagogue Wins Reprieve"], The New York Times, September 11, 2003. Accessed October 11, 2007.
8. ^US Jews Resent Bid To limit Legitimacy (James L. Franklin, Boston Globe, December 17, 1988).
9. ^Living Their Faith: Modern Orthodox Jews are blending best of both worlds. (Richard Higgins, Boston Globe, August 19, 2000)
10. ^A synagoge debates a woman's place as Young Israel emerges from the ashes, its members reconcile age-old traditions with modern ways. (Irene Gillis, Boston Globe, May 18, 1995
11. ^Architecture for the Gods by Michael J. Crosbie, Images Publishing Group, Page 84
12. ^Synagogue will be rebuilt, members say Brookline fire's origin questioned. (Matthew Brelis, James Vaznis, Boston Globe, January 12, 1994
13. ^Synagogue fire is traced to faulty circuit breaker (Matthew Brelis, Boston Globe, January 14, 1994)
14. ^Fire-damaged Brookline temple reopens. (Karen Avenaso, Boston Globe, November 18, 1996)
15. ^Architectural Glass Art
16. ^How 'doing what's right' made mill owner a workers' hero. (Elinor J. Brecher, Miami Herald, September 21, 1996)
17. ^Cover of Siyum, 1943: {{cite web |url=https://www.polestars-premium.top/1943-young-israel-of-boro-park-pages-of-our-life-issued-in-connection-with-p-11175.html|title=Pages of Our Life: The Siyum Celebration, Completion of Baba Metzia |date=1943}}
18. ^¹"Young Israel will hold an open house Saturday night for all intermediates at the Young Israel of Boro Park" {{cite web |website=jta.org|title=New York City, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 1935, Young Israel|url=https://www.jta.org/1935/03/07/archive/new-york-city-18}}
19. ^"Perhaps the most successful of the synagogue-based youth groups is the Young Israel of Boro Park." {{cite book |isbn=1351518437 |title=From Suburb to Shtetl: The Jews of Boro Park|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1351518437 |author1=Egon Mayer |author2=William B. Helmreich |date=2017}}
20. ^¹{{cite web|title=About NCYI - History|url=http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm|publisher=National Council of Young Israel|accessdate=4 November 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104052022/http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=}}