1. Background

2. Provisions
    Termination of presidential authority  Procedure for new emergencies and rescinding emergency declarations  Exceptions 

3. Emergency powers

4. Invocations

5. Other emergency frameworks

6. See also

7. References

8. Bibliography

9. External links

The National Emergencies Act (NEA) ({{USStatute|94|412|90|1255|1976|09|14}}, codified at {{USC|50|1601}}–1651) is a United States federal law passed to end all previous national emergencies and to formalize the emergency powers of the President.

The Act empowers the President to activate special powers during a crisis but imposes certain procedural formalities when invoking such powers. The perceived need for the law arose from the scope and number of laws granting special powers to the executive in times of national emergency. Congress can terminate an emergency declaration with a joint resolution signed into law.^[1] Powers available under this Act are limited to the 136 emergency powers Congress has defined by law.^[1]

The legislation was signed by President Gerald Ford on September 14, 1976.^[2] {{As of|2019|02}}, 59 national emergencies have been declared, more than 30 of which remain in effect.^[3][5]

Background

The first President to issue an emergency proclamation^[4][5] was Woodrow Wilson, who on February 5, 1917, issued the following:

This proclamation was within the limits of the act that established the United States Shipping Board.

Starting with Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, presidents asserted the power to declare emergencies without limiting their scope or duration, without citing the relevant statutes, and without congressional oversight.^[7] The Supreme Court in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer limited what a president could do in such an emergency, but did not limit the emergency declaration power itself. A 1973 Senate investigation found (in Senate Report 93-549) that four declared emergencies remained in effect: the 1933 banking crisis with respect to the hoarding of gold,^[8] a 1950 emergency with respect to the Korean War,^[9] a 1970 emergency regarding a postal workers strike, and a 1971 emergency in response to inflation.^[10] Many provisions of statutory law are contingent on a declaration of national emergency, as many as 500 by one count.^[11] It was due in part to concern that a declaration of "emergency" for one purpose should not invoke every possible executive emergency power, that Congress in 1976 passed the National Emergencies Act.

Presidents have continued to use their emergency authority subject to the provisions of the act, with 42 national emergencies declared between 1976 and 2007.^[12] Most of these were for the purpose of restricting trade with certain foreign entities under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) (50 U.S.C. 1701–1707).

Provisions

Termination of presidential authority

A prior Senate investigation had found 470 provisions of federal law that a President might invoke via a declaration of emergency.^[13] The Act repealed several of these provisions and stated that prior emergency declarations would no longer give force to those provisions that remained. Congress did not attempt to revoke any outstanding emergency declarations per se, as these remained the President's prerogative under Article Two of the United States Constitution.^[14]

Procedure for new emergencies and rescinding emergency declarations

The Act authorized the President to activate emergency provisions of law via an emergency declaration on the conditions that the President specifies the provisions so activated and notifies Congress. An activation would expire if the President expressly terminated the emergency, or did not renew the emergency annually, or if each house of Congress passed a resolution terminating the emergency. After presidents objected to this "Congressional termination" provision on separation of powers grounds, and the Supreme Court in INS v. Chadha (1983) held such provisions to be an unconstitutional legislative veto,^[15] it was replaced in 1985 with termination by an enacted joint resolution. A joint resolution passed by both chambers requires presidential signature, giving the president veto power over the termination (requiring a two-thirds majority in both houses in the case of a contested termination).^[16] The Act also requires the President and executive agencies to maintain records of all orders and regulations that proceed from use of emergency authority, and to regularly report the cost incurred to Congress.

Exceptions

Certain emergency authorities were exempted from the act at the time of its passage:

• 10 USC 2304(a)(1) – allowing exemption of national defense contracts from competitive bidding
• 10 USC 3313, 6386(c) and 8313 – regulating the promotion, retirement and separation of military officers
• 12 USC 95(a) – regulating transactions in foreign gold and silver
• 40 USC 278(b) – regulating federal property purchases and contracts
• 41 USC 15 and 203 – limiting the assignment of claims against the federal government
• 50 USC 1431–1435 – enabling the President to make national defense contracts outside of otherwise applicable rules

The list of exceptions has from time to time been revised. For example, Public Law 95-223 (1977) repealed the emergency clause of 12 USC 95(a) and arranged for its authority to expire according to the normal provisions of the NEA.

Emergency powers

Congress has delegated at least 136 distinct statutory emergency powers to the President upon the declaration of an emergency. Only 13 require a declaration from Congress; the remaining 123 are invoked by an executive declaration with no Congressional input.^[1]

Emergency presidential powers are dramatic, and range from suspending all laws regulating chemical and biological weapons, including the ban on human testing ({{USC|50|1515}}, passed 1969); to suspending any Clean Air Act implementation plan or excess emissions penalty upon petition of a state governor ({{USC|42|7410 (f)}}, passed 1977); to authorizing and constructing military construction projects ({{USC|10|2808 (a)}}, passed 1982) using any existing defense appropriations for such military constructions ($10.4 billion in FY2018^[17]); to drafting any retired Coast Guard officers ({{USC|14|331}}, passed 1963) or enlisted members ({{USC|14|359}}, passed 1949) into active duty.

Invocations

As of February 2019, 59 national emergencies had been declared, with 31 of them being renewed annually. These include the eight that were declared prior to the passage of the 1976 Act.^[3][18][19] The longest continuing national emergency dates back to November 1979 by the Carter administration blocking Iranian government property under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.^[20]

Since passage of the National Emergencies Act in 1976, every U.S. President has declared multiple national emergencies: Carter (2); Reagan: (6); H.W. Bush (4); Clinton (17); W. Bush (12); Obama: (13); Trump (4).^[21]

Other emergency frameworks

Beyond the National Emergencies Act, Congress has established three other emergency power frameworks:

• {{USC|42|247d}} – Public Health Service Act (1944), as amended.
• {{USC|42|5121}} et seq. – Stafford Act (1988), replacing the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, as amended in 2000 and 2006.
• {{USC|22|2318(a)(1)}} – Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, including by the Arms Export Control Act (1962)

See also

• List of national emergencies in the United States
• Continuity of Government Plan
• National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive
• Rex 84
• United States national emergency with respect to Iran

References

Bibliography

• {{cite news|first1=F.J.|last1=Murray|title=Wartime Presidential Powers Supersede Liberties|newspaper=The Washington Times|publisher=Operation Holdings|location=Washington DC||date=September 18, 2001|pages=A1, A12}} as quoted in [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/RS21024.pdf Ref. 2].
• {{cite report|first=Harold C.|last=Relyea|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/RS21024.pdf|title=Martial Law and National Emergency|publisher=Congressional Research Service Report for Congress RS21024|date=January 7, 2005}}
• {{cite report|first=Harold C.|last=Relyea|title=National Emergency Powers|url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6216.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, order code 98-505 GOV|date=September 18, 2001}}
• {{cite report|first=Harold C.|last=Relyea|title=National Emergency Powers|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/98-505.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, order code 98-505 GOV|date=November 13, 2006}}
• "Toward Comprehensive Reform of America's Emergency Law Regime," including compendium of national emergency powers {{SSRN|2056822}}

External links

• [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg1255.pdf Public Law 94-412 National Emergencies Act (pdf) 5-pages from US Government Printing Office]
• [https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers A Guide to Emergency Powers and Their Use]. Brennan Center for Justice
• [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/presidential-emergency-powers/576418/ The Alarming Scope of the President's Emergency Powers] The Atlantic. Jan/Feb 2019.

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