| 词条 | National Farmers Organization |
| 释义 |
|image = National_Farmers_Organization_-_panoramio.jpg |name = National Farmers Organization |caption = Sauk City, Wisconsin NFO Office |type = Dairy, Grain, Livestock |fate = |predecessor = |successor = |founded = 1955 |founder = |defunct = |location_city = Ames, Iowa |location_country = United States |locations = |area_served = Midwest, Plains, Northeast, Southeast, California |purpose = Supply coop, advocacy and lobbying }} The National Farmers Organization (NFO) is a producer movement founded in the United States in 1955. It became notorious for being associated with property violence and threats committed without official approval of the organization, from a 1964 incident when two members were crushed under the rear wheels of a cattle truck, for orchestrating the withholding of commodities, and for opposition to coops unwilling to withhold. During withholding protests, farmers would purposely destroy food or wastefully slaughter their animals in an attempt to raise prices and gain media exposure. The NFO failed to persuade the U.S. government to establish a quota system as is currently practiced today in the milk, cheese, eggs and poultry supply management programs in Canada. In 1979, the NFO ended its practice of withholding and protests. Since then, the NFO has functioned only as a supply coop and as an advocacy and lobbying organization. Yearly state conventions are sponsored in multiple states and a monthly magazine is published. FoundingNFO had its roots in earlier populist agrarian movements such as the Grange, the National Farmers Union, and the Farmers' Alliance. NFO was officially founded on 22 September 1955 in Bedford, Iowa. However, it began with conversations between farmer Wayne Jackson and feed sales man Jay Loghry in 1953. At a feed sales presentation for Moorman's feed on September 5, 1955 in the Adair County, Iowa schoolhouse, Loghry suggested to the seven farmers present that they form a new farm organization. Jackson organized the next meeting at Carl Iowa at which 35 farmers attended. However, much of the initial impetus for the NFO's early growth came from positive comments made by former Iowa Governor Daniel Webster Turner when he was asked about it by the press. Also, Don Berkhahn was instrumental in the early years. Turner also exerted a moderating influence on the organization. He had been Governor of Iowa during the Farmer's Holiday Association movement and had to call-out the state militia to suppress violence associated with that eruption. Governor Turner's political career had foundered due to the Great Depression but he was still influential in 1955. He sought to direct the nascent NFO organization away from militancy. The NFO took on the character of a “producers union”. The NFO headquarters was established in Corning, Iowa. Governor Turner had wanted the organization to be headquartered in a small town instead of a big city like Kansas City, Omaha, or Chicago. He wanted the NFO to remain in touch with its rural roots. In return for Missourian's supporting Corning as the headquarters’ site, Turner backed Oren Lee Staley from Missouri as the first President of the NFO. In 1989 the national headquarters was relocated to Ames, Iowa. In its early days as a protest organization, the NFO's membership reached as high as 149,000. Staley is credited with carrying the NFO thru the subsequent downturn and establishing a post-protest program for the NFO. Under Staley's leadership the NFO pursued collective bargaining agreements in accordance with the Capper–Volstead Act of 1922. National Farmers represented dairy producers' interests in Federal Milk Marketing Order hearings and started depositing milk checks directly into members' banks. Using group marketing and a supply management system designed by farmers for farms, National Farmers contracts with processors established floor or minimum prices to take rapid fluctuations out of farm-gate milk prices. The NFO's program involved:
Two NFO members killedIn 1964, two NFO members were killed when they and about 500 others attempted to stop a truck from taking cattle to market.[1] The Holding Action of 1967The NFO engaged in producers strikes called “holding actions” to get food processors who ordinarily held monopsony power over farmers to sign the agency contracts. On March 16, 1967 the NFO started their most notable holding action. They withheld milk from the market for 15 days, reducing national supplies by two percent. This ended due to a temporary restraining order issued by US Federal Judge Stephenson of the US District Court for Southern Iowa. By the time the restraining order expired the government negotiated terms agreeable to the NFO. During this withholding, milk supplies in the Nashville, Tennessee area were reduced from 12,000 to 1,800 gallons per day. All remaining milk was escorted by police to hospitals.[2] In the 1970s, National Farmers Organization started working with processors and the food and feed industry to secure supply contracts in all the commodities they represented. The strategy was to sell into rising markets and influence the market positively, rather than feed, and encourage, a continued market downtrend. The group developed a collection, dispatch and delivery system to change the way processors gained supplies. National Farmers Organization, at its outset, was a producer movement, founded in the United States in 1955. Notoriety came in 1967 when it organized milk farmers to withhold milk from the market to influence upward direction in the price farmers were paid for their milk. Many public slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being needlessly and wastefully killed.[3] In the 1980s, under President DeVon Woodland of Blackfoot, Idaho, the organization specialized more in the business aspects of assisting producers increase revenue, by negotiating better prices and contract sales terms for large volumes of pooled and marketed agricultural commodities. The organization established new headquarters in Ames, Iowa and installed an organization-wide computer system. Field staff offices, dairy re-loads and Livestock Service Centers started operating across the country. References1. ^[https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19640910.2.28&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 NFO PROTEST CANCELLED Truck Crushes Two to Death] 2. ^page 15 of [https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=miami1050951369&disposition=inline Growing a new agrarian myth: the american agriculture movement, identity, and the call to save the family farm] by Ryan J. Stockwell 3. ^page 19 of [https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=miami1050951369&disposition=inline Growing a new agrarian myth: the american agriculture movement, identity, and the call to save the family farm] by Ryan J. Stockwell Sources
External links
13 : Organizations established in 1955|1955 establishments in Iowa|Economic ideologies|Agricultural organizations based in the United States|Riots and civil disorder in Wisconsin|Animal rights movement|Protest-related deaths|General strikes|Protest tactics|Agricultural supply cooperatives|Agricultural cooperatives in the United States|1964 in Wisconsin|1967 in the United States |
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