| 词条 | National Front (Switzerland) | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = National Front | native_name = {{native_name|de|Nationale Front}} {{native_name|fr|Front National}} {{native_name|it|Fronte Nazionale}} | logo = Logo of the Swiss National Front.svg | colorcode = black | leader = Hans Vonwyl and Ernst Biedermann (1933-1934) Rolf Henne (1934-1938) Robert Tobler (1938-1940) | deputy_leader = | president = | chairman = | general_secretary = | first_secretary = | secretary_general = | presidium = | secretary = | spokesperson = | foundation = 1933 | dissolved = 1940 | successor = | membership_year = 1935 | membership = 9,000 | ideology = Nazism Swiss nationalism | position = Far-right | headquarters = Zurich | international = | website = | country = Switzerland }}The National Front was a far-right political party in Switzerland that flourished during the 1930s. At its peak the group had at most 9,000 members, according to the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland,[1] and "may have had a membership of 25,000 or so", according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[2] FormationThe party began life amongst a number of debating clubs at ETH Zurich, where antisemitism, Swiss nationalism and support for ideas similar to those later adopted in the racial policy of Nazi Germany had become popular among some of the young academics.[2] A number of these groups (all of which co-operated in a loose federation) were formally brought together by Robert Tobler in 1930 to form the Neue Front[3] although this group was not fully committed to fascism.[2] A more radical group, under the leadership of Hans Vonwyl, broke away in the autumn of 1930 to establish the National Front, which aimed to expand its operations outside the university.[2] GrowthInitially the National Front did not grow far outside the confines of the University but soon the party newspaper, Der Eiserne Besen (The Iron Broom), became widely read and its antisemitic message found an audience.[2] Chaired by Ernst Biedermann,[4] the group experienced growth and in April 1933 formed an alliance with the Neue Front which, under the leadership of Tobler, Paul Lang and Hans Oehler, had itself radicalised and become more open to fascism.[5] The National Front absorbed its counterpart the following month although the Neue Front leadership quickly took charge of the combined movement, with Rolf Henne emerging as chairman.[5] Emil Sonderegger, a former member of the Swiss General Staff, was a prominent speaker and propagandist of the National Front at this time.[6] The party continued to grow and soon won seats on Zürich council, as well as the support of well-known Swiss writers of the time, such as Jakob Schaffner.[7] In all they held 10 seats on Zurich municipal council following the September 1933 election.[5] Ernst Leonhardt, the party's organiser in the North-West, left soon after this after an internal dispute but the move had no impact on the growth of the Front, with a party newspaper, Die Front, established soon afterwards.[8] By 1935 the party claimed 10,000 members.[8] They did not come out completely in favour of any regime and instead sought to unite German, French and Italian speakers in a common Swiss identity (they maintained links with a minor Romansh far right group, although the National Front did not campaign amongst the Romansh). Nonetheless their support was more or less wholly confined to German-speakers, with other groups picking up the support of fascist-inclined voters in the other linguistic groups (Union Nationale for the French and Lega Nazionale Ticinese for Italians).[9] Eventually they reached accommodations with the other groups and abandoned campaigning in non-German areas altogether.[8] The party's main support base was in Schaffhausen where it gained seats in the local council, as well as electing a single member of the National Assembly in 1935.[9] The seat was held by Robert Tobler.[10] The party came under the leadership of Rolf Henne in 1934 and began to pursue a more openly Nazi ideology, in keeping with Henne's personal beliefs.[11] Taking advantage of the direct democracy model used in Swiss politics the National Front forced a referendum on a constitutional amendment in 1935 that sought to redesign the system of government on more nationalist, racial and authoritarian lines. The proposal was heavily defeated.{{cn|date=March 2017}} DeclineThe Front experienced decline as fascism came to be characterised in the media as decidedly "un-Swiss" and there was a popular backlash against the movement.[8] In the Berne Trial, the party faced charges that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion violated Swiss law against obscene publications. Despite these setbacks the National Front reacted by hardening their approach further, establishing a militia group and taking more directly from Nazism as an ideology.[8] Their 26-point programme, published in 1935, underlined the party's fascist credential, calling for the corporate state and containing strong attacks on Bolshevism, socialism, Jewry, Freemasonry and the media.[12] They were able to gain a seat in the National Council for Zurich in the 1935 election although results elsewhere were poor.[8] Internal wrangling followed that led to further decline with revelations regarding allegations of funding from Germany, leading to many members leaving over what they saw as a compromise of Swiss independence.[13] Counter-claims were also made that leaders of the moderate tendency were secretly Freemasons, resulting in further internal strife.[13] Henne was dismissed as leader in 1938 and he, along with Oehler, Schaffner and their supporters, left to form the Bund Treuer Eidgenossen Nationalsozialistischer Weltanschauung, which openly espoused Nazism.[13] This group would ultimately emerge as the National Movement of Switzerland. Meanwhile, those more predisposed towards the Italian model of fascism tended to support the groups of former NF member Colonel Arthur Fonjallaz.[14] With Henne gone, Tobler assumed leadership duties in 1938, although in that year's local elections and the federal election the following year they lost all of their seats.[13] Tobler's moderation did not avert the suspicions of the Swiss government however and police investigations into their activities followed.[13] In 1940 the party was formally dissolved after Tobler was briefly imprisoned for espionage.[15] Tobler would reform the group as Eidgenössiche Sammlung soon afterwards, although this too was gone by 1943 after the Federal Council decided to crack down on groups linked to the Axis powers.[15][13] Federal elections
References
Footnotes1. ^"Nationale Front", in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). {{Fascism movement}}{{Nazism}}{{Swiss far right}}{{Authority control}}2. ^1 2 3 Glaus, p. 467 3. ^Neue Front, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). 4. ^Glaus, p. 471 5. ^1 2 Glaus, p. 468 6. ^Rees, p. 365 7. ^1 A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930-1945 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 Glaus, p. 469 9. ^1 Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-45, Routledge, 2001, p. 309 10. ^Stephen P. Halbrook, Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II, Da Capo Press, 2003, p. 37 11. ^Rees, p. 178 12. ^Glaus, p. 476 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 Glaus, p. 470 14. ^Rees, p. 129 15. ^1 Rees, p. 391 16. ^{{cite web | title=Nationalratswahlen: Mandatsverteilung nach Parteien | url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/wahlen.assetdetail.217184.html | publisher=bfs.admin.ch | accessdate=December 17, 2016 | language=de}} 17. ^{{cite web | title=Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien | url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/wahlen/nationalratswahlen.assetdetail.217191.html | publisher=bfs.admin.ch | accessdate=December 17, 2016 | language=de}} 8 : Defunct political parties in Switzerland|Antisemitism in Switzerland|Fascist parties|Nazi parties|Political parties established in 1930|Political parties disestablished in 1940|Swiss nationalism|Freemasonry in Switzerland |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。