| 词条 | National Museum of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = National Museum of China |image = National Museum of China front facade 2014.jpg |imagesize = 250px |caption = West (front) facade of museum, from Tiananmen Square, 2014 |map_type = |map_caption = |coordinates = {{coord|39.90389|N|116.39528|E}} |established = 2003 |dissolved = |location = Beijing |type = Art museum, history museum |collections = Chinese art |collection_size = 1.3 million |visitors = 8,062,625 (2017)[1] |director = Wang Chunfa[2] |curator = |owner = Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China |publictransit = Tian'anmen East, Beijing Subway |website = en.chnmuseum.cn (in English) }} The National Museum of China ({{zh|s=中国国家博物馆|p=Zhōngguó Guójiā Bówùguǎn|c=|t=}}) flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The museum's mission is to educate about the arts and history of China. It is directed by the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the largest museums in the world, and with over eight million visitors in 2017, the National Museum of China was the second-most visited art museum in the world, just after the Louvre.[3] HistoryThe museum was established in 2003 [4] by the merging of the two separate museums that had occupied the same building since 1959: the Museum of the Chinese Revolution in the northern wing (originating in the Office of the National Museum of the Revolution founded in 1950 to preserve the legacy of the 1949 revolution) and the National Museum of Chinese History in the southern wing (with origins in both the Beijing National History Museum, founded in 1949, and the Preliminary Office of the National History Museum, founded in 1912, tasked to safeguard China's larger historical legacy). The building was completed in 1959 as one of the Ten Great Buildings celebrating the ten-year anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. It complements the opposing Great Hall of the People that was built at the same time. The structure sits on {{convert|6.5|ha}} and has a frontal length of {{convert|313|m}}, a height of four stories totaling {{convert|40|m}}, and a width of {{convert|149|m}}.[5] The front displays ten square pillars at its center. After four years of renovation, the museum reopened on March 17, 2011, with 28 new exhibition halls, more than triple the previous exhibition space, and state of the art exhibition and storage facilities. It has a total floor space of nearly 200,000 m2 (2.2 million square feet) to display.[6] The renovations were designed by the German firm Gerkan, Marg and Partners.[7] CollectionsThe museum, covering Chinese history from the Yuanmou Man of 1.7 million years ago to the end of the Qing Dynasty (the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history), has a permanent collection of 1,050,000 items,[8] with many precious and rare artifacts not to be found in museums anywhere else in China or the rest of the world. Among the most important items in the National Museum of China are the "Simuwu Ding" from the Shang Dynasty (the heaviest piece of ancient bronzeware in the world, at 832.84 kg),[9] the square shaped Shang Dynasty bronze zun decorated with four sheep heads,[9] a large and rare inscribed Western Zhou Dynasty bronze water pan,[9] a gold-inlaid Qin Dynasty bronze tally in the shape of a tiger,[9] Han Dynasty jade burial suits sewn with gold thread,[9] and a comprehensive collection of Tang Dynasty tri-colored glazed sancai and Song Dynasty ceramics.[9] The museum also has an important numismatic collection, including 15,000 coins donated by Luo Bozhao.[10] The museum has a permanent exhibition called The Road to Rejuvenation, which details the glorious course of achieving national prosperity and fully reveals how the people chose Marxism, the Communist Party of China, socialism, and the reform policy. It attests to the Chinese priority of holding high the socialism and of remaining firmly committed to the Chinese socialist road and theory. GalleryCountdown clocks{{unreferenced section|date=November 2016}}Because of its central location in Tiananmen Square, the front of the museum has been used since the 1990s for the display of countdown clocks relating to occasions of national importance, including the 1997 transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, the 1999 transfer of sovereignty of Macau, the beginning of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and the opening of the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. ControversiesA three-month exhibition of the luxury brand Louis Vuitton in 2011 led to some complaints of commercialism at the museum, with Peking University professor Xia Xueluan stating that as a state-level public museum, it "should in fact only be dedicating itself to non-profit cultural promotion."[12] However Yves Carcelle, Chairman and Chief executive officer of Louis Vuitton Malletier defended the exhibition by stating: "What's important is what you are going to discover. I think before money, there's history: 157 years of creativity and craftsmanship."[12] Some critics have also alleged the museum's modern historiography tends to focus on the triumphs of the Communist Party, while minimizing or ignoring politically sensitive subjects such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.[13] See also
Bibliography
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chnmuseum.cn/Default.aspx?TabId=1832&InfoID=114171&frtid=40&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=中国国家博物馆观众数据报告（2017年度） |language=zh |publisher=National Museum of China |date=20 February 2018 |accessdate=22 March 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/18/0104/18/D7B12873000187VE.html|title="Wang Chunfa became the director of NMC"|publisher=Wangyi News|date=2018-01-04}} 3. ^The Art Newspaper, "Art's Most Popular: exhibition and museum visitor figures 2017", April 24, 2018 4. ^{{cite web |URL=http://en.chnmuseum.cn/tabid/496/MoreModuleID/1867/MoreTabID/490/Default.aspx |title=Message from NCM Director (Wang Chunfa)|publisher=en.chnmuseum.cn |accessdate=November 30, 2018}} 5. ^China.org 6. ^China's National Museum to reopen on April 1 7. ^Hanno Rauterberg, Aufklärung in eigener Sache, Die Zeit, April 1, 2011 (in German) 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/node/51309|title=National Museum gets major makeover|publisher=China Economic Review|date=2011-02-21}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29769.htm|title=The National Museum of China|publisher=China Culture|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527232757/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_museum/2003-09/24/content_29769.htm|archivedate=2014-05-27|df=}} 10. ^Luo Bozhao qianbixue wenji by Ma Feihai, Zhou Xiang, Luo Jiong, Luo Bozhao, review by Helen Wang The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), Vol. 165 (2005), pp. 413-414 11. ^Official page 12. ^1 {{Cite news|title=National museum, LV reject criticisms of design exhibition|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2011-06/01/content_22689523.htm|date=June 1, 2011|accessdate=2012-01-17|work=Global Times}} 13. ^{{Cite news|title=At China’s New Museum, History Toes Party Line|author=Ian Johnson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/world/asia/04museum.html|date=April 3, 2011|accessdate=2012-01-17 | work=The New York Times}} External links{{commons category|National Museum of China}}
7 : National Museum of China|Buildings and structures completed in 1959|Gerkan, Marg and Partners buildings|Museums in Beijing|National first-grade museums of China|Tiananmen Square|2003 establishments in China |
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