| 词条 | Native Indonesians | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| group = Pribumi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = A Native Indonesian Balinese girl wearing kebaya during a traditional ceremony | total = {{circa}} 210 million (Worldwide; 2006 estimate)[1] | popplace = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} {{circa}} 200 million[1] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop2 = 1,085,658 | ref2 = [2] | region3 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} | pop3 = 850,000 | ref3 = [3] | region4 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop4 = 500,000 | region5 = {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}} | pop5 = 102,100 | ref5 = [4] | region6 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop6 = 101,270 | ref6 = [5][6] | region7 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop7 = 86,196 | ref7 = [7] | region8 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop8 = 75,000 | ref8 = [8] | region9 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}} | pop9 = 10,000 | ref9 = [9] | languages = Indonesian languages (Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Madurese, etc.) | religions = Islam (predominantly Sunnis, Shias and others),[10] Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Hindu Dharma, Buddhism, Animism, Shamanism, Sunda Wiwitan, Kaharingan, Parmalim, Kejawen, Naurus, Aluk' To Dolo, etc. | related = Austronesians, Mongoloids, Polynesians, Papuans, Negritos, Melanesians, other Indonesians | footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} The figure in Malaysia merely asserts those who hold an Indonesian citizenship, the figure does not include Malaysians who have some Indonesian ancestry which potentially is double or triple of figure, due to constant migrations for millennia. }} Native Indonesians, also Pribumi (literally "first on the soil"), is a term used to distinguish Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago from Indonesians of known (partial) foreign descent, like Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians). Etymology and historical contextThe term "pribumi" was coined after Indonesian independence as a respectful replacement for the Dutch colonial term "inlander" (normally translated as "native" and seen as derogatory).[11] It derives from Sanskrit terms pri (before) and bhumi (earth). Following independence, the term was normally used to distinguish indigenous Indonesians from citizens of foreign descent (especially Chinese Indonesians). Common usage distinguished between "pri" and "non-pri".[12] Although the term is sometimes translated as "indigenous", it has a broader meaning than that associated with Indigenous peoples. The term WNI keturunan asing (WNI = "Indonesian citizen", "keturunan asing" = foreign descent), sometimes just "WNI keturunan" or even "WNI", has also been used to designate "non-pri" Indonesians.[13] In practice, usage of the term is fluid. "Pri" is seldom used to refer to Indonesians of Melanesian descent, although it does not exclude them. Indonesians of Arab descent sometimes refer to themselves as "pri". Indonesians with some exogenous ancestry who show no obvious signs of identification with that ancestry (such as former President Abdurrahman Wahid who is said to have had Chinese ancestry) are seldom called "non-pri". The term bumiputra is sometimes used in Indonesia with the same meaning as pribumi, but is more commonly used in Malaysia, where it has a slightly different meaning.[14] The term putra daerah ("son of the region") refers to a person who is indigenous to a specific locality or region. In 1998, the Indonesian government of President B.J. Habibie instructed that neither pri nor non-pri should be used, on the grounds that they promoted ethnic discrimination.[15][16] The Dutch East India Company, which dominated parts of the archipelago from the 17th century, classified its subjects mainly by religion, rather than ethnicity. The colonial administration which took power in 1815 at shifted to a system of ethnic classification. Initially they distinguished between Europeans (Europeanen) and those equated with them (including native Christians) and Inlanders and those equated with them (including non-Christian Asians). Over time, native Christians were gradually shifted de facto into the Inlander category, while Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians and others of non-Indonesian descent were gradually given separate status as Vreemde Oosterlingen ("Foreign Orientals"). The system was patriarchal, rather than formally racial. A child inherited his/her father's ethnicity if the parents were married; the mother's ethnicity if they were unmarried. The off-spring of a marriage between a European man and an Indonesian women were legally European. The colonial system was similar to the casta system in Hispanic America, or the South African apartheid system, which prohibited inter-racial neighborhoods (wet van wijkenstelsel) and inter-racial interactions were limited by passenstelsel laws.[1] The outbreak of the World War II saw the fall of colonial state of Dutch East Indies. During Japanese occupation, the Dutch colonials were put into the lowest class of social strata. Native blood was the only thing that could free Indos (mixed Eurasian ancestry) from being put into concentration camps.[17] The following Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949) saw the rise of Indonesian Republic, subsequently the revolution has brought a drastic social changes. The Dutch colonials and the Indos are suspiciously considered by republicans as Dutch loyalist, thus they are not a desired element in the newly established republic. By 1950s, large numbers of Dutch colonials and Indos were being repatriated to the Netherlands. After the revolution, the natives majority has gained the political, social and economic power previously reserved only for Dutch colonials. In post colonial Indonesia, the Chinese Indonesians are the most significant minority group that being categorized as non-pribumi (non native). Today, Indonesian dictionary describes pribumi as penghuni asli which translated into "original, native or indigenous inhabitant".[18] BackgroundPribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population.[1] Using Indonesia’s population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various ethnic groups in Indonesia, Pribumi culture plays a significant role in shaping the country’s socioeconomic circumstance. The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as: {{Quote|Literally, an indigene, or native. In the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese (and, to a degree, Arab) communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were pribumi and those that were not. The distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy|Indonesia: A Country Study|Glossary[19]}}There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia.[20] 200 of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry. The largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago.[21] The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.[21] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in North Maluku and West Papua, speak Papuan languages. The division and classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases are unclear as the result of migrations, along with cultural and linguistic influences; for example some{{who|date=June 2012}} may agree that the Bantenese and Cirebonese belong to different ethnic groups with their own distinct dialect, however others{{who|date=June 2012}} might consider them to be Javanese sub-ethnicities, as members of the larger Javanese people. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the same ethnic group. The clearest example of hybrid ethnicity are the Betawi people, the result of a mixture of different native ethnicities that have merged with people of Arab, Chinese and Indian origins since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta). The proportional populations of Native Indonesians according to the (2009 census) is as follows:
Physical characteristicsThe skin color of native Indonesians ranges from fair skin with yellowish undertone to light brown to very dark brown or black skin color. Archaeologist Peter Bellwood claims that the "vast majority" of people in Indonesia and Malaysia, the region he calls the "clinal Mongoloid-Australoid zone", are "Southern Mongoloids" but have a "high degree" of Australoid admixture.[23] Sawo matang (lit. "ripe sapodilla") usually refers to the skin colour of the Pribumis in Indonesia which connotes "mid light to dark tone brown" especially for those who live in Java, Bali, Sumatra, etc. For other places like in Borneo, Sulawesi, and eastern parts of Indonesia, native people tend to have darker skin colour who actually come from the east of Indonesia{{clarify|date=August 2016}} and for those who live in high altitude areas and highlands tend to have lighter skin colour like people from Sundanese, Manado, Tomohon, Dayak, etc. For islandic people,{{clarify|date=August 2016}} they tend to have dark skin colour which all of the physical characteristics depend on the geographical areas they inhabit. Genetic researchMost Native Indonesians are genetically close to Asians while the more eastern one goes the more people show Melanesian affinity. Geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a genetic division between East and Southeast Asians.[24] In a similar manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a physical difference between these two populations.[25] Other geneticists have found evidence for four separate populations, carrying distinct sets of non-recombining Y chromosome lineages, within the traditional Mongoloid category: North Asians, Han Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asians.[26] The complexity of genetic data has led to doubt about the usefulness of the concept of a Mongoloid race itself, since distinctive East Asian features may represent separate lineages and arise from environmental adaptations or retention of common proto-Eurasian ancestral characteristics.[27] Smaller groupsThe regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups. Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government transmigration programs or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions.
See also
Non-Pribumi Indonesians:
Notes1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| title = Pribumi| work = Encyclopedia of Modern Asia| publisher = Macmillan Reference USA| url = http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/| accessdate = 2006-10-05| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070711073550/http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/| archivedate = 11 July 2007| df = }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/eco_stat/pdf/1.4.1.pdf|title=Foreign Workers by Country of Origin (1999 -2008) - Official Portal of Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia|author=2008|date=|work=|publisher=Economic Planning Unit|accessdate=1 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416215333/http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/images/common/pdf/eco_stat/pdf/1.4.1.pdf|archivedate=16 April 2012|df=}} 3. ^{{citation|chapter=Migrant Communities in Saudi Arabia|title=Bad Dreams: Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia|year=2004|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/saudi0704%7c/4.htm#_Toc75678056}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^Media Indonesia Online 2006-11-30 5. ^{{citation|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table|chapter=Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010|title=2010 Census Summary File 1|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2012-02-21}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Barnes|Bennett|2002|p=9}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/webpages/statistics?opendocument|title=Browse Statistics|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|date=|website=www.abs.gov.au}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/expatriates-celebrate-64th-indonesian-independence-day-in-abu-dhabi-1.535785|title=Expatriates celebrate 64th Indonesian Independence Day in Abu Dhabi|first=Binsal Abdul Kader, Staff|last=Reporter|date=17 August 2009|website=gulfnews.com}} 9. ^http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001530/153053e.pdf 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-sunni-and-shia/|title=Sunni and Shia Muslims|author=|date=27 January 2011|website=pewforum.org}} 11. ^ William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, Indonesia: A Country Study (Washington: Library of Congress, 6th ed., 2011), p. 409. 12. ^Kwik Kian Gie, in Leo Suryadinata, Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook (Singapore University Press, 2nd ed., 1977), p.135. 13. ^James T. Siegel, "Early Thoughts on the Violence of May 13 and 14, 1998 in Jakarta", Indonesia 66 (Oct., 1998), p. 90 (pp. 74-108). 14. ^Sharon Siddique and Leo Suryadinata, "Bumiputra and Pribumi: Economic Nationalism (Indiginism) in Malaysia and Indonesia", Pacific Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Winter, 1981-1982), pp. 662-687. 15. ^{{cite book |last= Purdey |first= Jemma |title= Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |year= 2006 |publisher=Singapore University Press |location= Singapore |isbn=9971-69-332-1 |page= 179}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://m.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt59e581d832a82/dasar-hukum-yang-melarang-penggunaan-istilah-%E2%80%9Cpribumi%E2%80%9D |title= Dasar Hukum yang Melarang Penggunaan Istilah "Pribumi"|trans-title= Law that based ban of "Pribumi" term|last= Hasanah|first= Sovia|date= 2017-10-17|website= hukumonline.com|publisher= hukumonline.com|access-date= 2018-06-11|quote=}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Who is responsible for ‘Bersiap’?|first=Calvin Michel|last=Sidjaja|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/10/22/who-responsible-bersiap.html|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=22 October 2011}} 18. ^{{cite web | title=Pribumi | work=KBBI | language=Indonesian | url=http://kbbi.web.id/pribumi}} 19. ^{{cite web | last = The Library of Congress | first = Federal Research Division | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Glossary -- Indonesia | work = A Country Study: Indonesia | publisher = | date = | url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/indonesia/id_glos.html | doi = | accessdate = 2006-10-04 }} 20. ^Kuoni - Far East, A world of difference. Page 88. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications 21. ^1 {{cite book | last = | first = | publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies| title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape| date = | year =2003 | url = | accessdate = }} 22. ^1 2 {{cite blog | title = Sebaran Suku Jawa Di Indonesia | website = www.kangatepafia.com | url = http://www.kangatepafia.com/2015/05/sebaran-suku-jawa-di-indonesia.html | date = 18 May 2015 | accessdate = 19 April 2016}} 23. ^Bellwood, Peter. Pre-History of the Indo-malaysian Archipelago. Australian National University:1985. {{ISBN|978-1-921313-11-0}} 24. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cavalli-Sforza |first1=L. Luca |title=The Chinese human genome diversity project |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=29 September 1998 |volume=95 |issue=20 |pages=11501-3 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.20.11501 |pmid=9751692 |pmc=33897}} 25. ^http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdfThe Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China, Sino-Platonic Papers 175, Zhou Jixu, citing Ho Ping-ti, {{ISBN|0-226-34524-6}} 26. ^{{cite journal |last1=Tajima |first1=Atsushi |last2=Pan |first2=I-Hung |last3=Fucharoen |first3=Goonnapa |last4=Fucharoen |first4=Supan |last5=Matsuo |first5=Masafumi |last6=Tokunaga |first6=Katsushi |last7=Juji |first7=Takeo |last8=Hayami |first8=Masanori |last9=Omoto |first9=Keiichi |last10=Horai |first10=Satoshi |title=Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia |journal=Human Genetics |date=28 November 2001 |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=80–88 |doi=10.1007/s00439-001-0651-9 |pmid=11810301}} 27. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, Mongoloid Further reading
2 : Indonesian society|Indonesian people |
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