“Natural economy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Natural economy

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{{About|pre-market economies|advanced concepts of post-capitalist resource valuation using natural or physical magnitudes|Calculation in kind}}{{Economic systems sidebar}}Natural economy refers to a type of economy in which money is not used in the transfer of resources among people. It is a system of allocating resources through direct bartering, entitlement by law, or sharing out according to traditional custom. In the more complex forms of natural economy, some goods may act as a referent for fair bartering, but generally currency plays only a small role in allocating resources. As a corollary, the majority of goods produced in a system of natural economy are not produced for the purpose of exchanging them, but for direct consumption by the producers (subsistence). As such, natural economies tend to be self-contained, where all the goods consumed are produced domestically.^[1]

The term has often been used in opposition to other forms of economy, most notably capitalism.^[1] Rosa Luxemburg believed that the destruction of the natural economy was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism.^[2] Karl Marx described the Inca Empire as a natural economy because it was both isolated and based around exchange rather than profit.^[3]

Other writers have used a more relative sense of natural economy. Belgian economic historian Henri Pirenne noted that medieval Europe has often been described as a natural economy despite the existence of money, since money played a much less significant role than in earlier or later periods.^[4]

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal |last1=Perrings |first1=Charles |title=The Natural Economy Revisited |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |date=1985 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=829-850 |doi=10.1086/451497}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Luxemburg |first1=Rosa |title=The Accumulation of Capital |date=1951 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |page=369}}
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |title=Capital, volume 2 |date=1956 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |page=67}}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Pirenne |first1=Henri |title=Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe |date=1936 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London |pages=103-104}}

1 : Economic systems

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