“Nature printing”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nature printing is a printing process, developed in the 18th century, that uses the plants, animals, rocks and other natural subjects to produce an image. The subject undergoes several stages to give a direct impression onto materials such as lead, gum, and photographic plates, which are then used in the printing process.

While some sources state that Benjamin Franklin invented nature printing from leaf casts, using a copper plate press, in 1737 to thwart counterfeiters of paper money bills,^[1] other sources also report Franklin's friend, Philadelphia naturalist Joseph Breintnall, to have made contact nature prints from leaves about 1730.^[2] Together they sent nature prints which were printed directly from inked leaves to English naturalists.^[3]

Another person attributed with the invention of the process, Naturselbstdruck, is Alois Auer; the first publication, of instructions for the process, was by this Austrian printer in The Discovery of the Natural Printing Process: an Invention ... Vienna, 1853. This was written in four languages by the author. He shows the use of plants, a fossil fish, and lace impressed by roller onto a lead plate, this is hand coloured and transferred to the final print.

Many others botanical and natural history illustrations had attempted to use techniques that were a 'shorthand', or for a type of accuracy, in the representation of subjects. Another printer, the Englishman Henry Bradbury, immediately used Auer's 'nature printing' process to publish work of his own. These included two major botanical works;

Auer method

Auer's method can only be used with objects with tolerably flat surfaces, such as dried and pressed plants, embroidery and lace, and a few animals. The object is placed between a plate of steel and another of lead, both of which are smooth, and polished. They are then drawn through a pair of rollers under considerable pressure. When the plates are separated, it is found that a perfect impression of the object has been made in the leaden plate. This may be used directly as an engraved plate, but only if a very few impressions are wanted, for it is too soft to resist the action of printing presses for practical purposes. For larger numbers of images, a facsimile to be used as the printing plate is made in copper by the electrotype process.^[7]

Further reading

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.philadelphiafed.org/education/teachers/publications/intersections/2007/spring/|title = Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Releases New Benjamin Franklin Publication|accessdate = 2010-07-26|author = FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF PHILADELPHIA |year = 2007|publisher = FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF PHILADELPHIA |quote = In 1737 Franklin invented the art of nature printing from leaf casts, using a copper plate press, for transferring a sage leaf image onto the back of paper money bills, a technique intended to thwart counterfeiters.}}
2. ^{{cite web|url = http://hq.abaa.org/books/antiquarian/news_fly?code=22|title = Benjamin Franklin's Job Printing|accessdate = 2010-07-26|author = Georgia B. Barnhill|publisher = ABAA (This article first appeared in Ephemera News or The Ephemera Journal, publications of The Ephemera Society of America, Inc.)|quote = The [leaf printing] technique was not well known at the time, although the Philadelphia naturalist Joseph Breintnall made contact nature prints from leaves about 1730.}}
3. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.librarycompany.org/bfwriter/job.htm |title = Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer |accessdate = 2010-07-26 |author = James N. Green and Peter Stallybrass |year = 2006 |publisher = The Library Company of Philadelphia |quote = Franklin probably got the idea of printing images of leaves on paper money from making these nature prints, which he and Breintnall sent to English naturalists. They were printed directly from inked leaves, which were placed inside a folded sheet of paper and run through the press. |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101001183000/http://www.librarycompany.org/bfwriter/job.htm |archivedate = 2010-10-01 |df = }}
4. ^The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland; Edited by John Lindley. Nature-printed by Henry Bradbury. London: Bradbury & Evans, 1857.
5. ^Johnstone, William Grosart & Alexander Croall. The Nature-Printed British Sea-Weeds: A History, accompanied by figures and dissections, of the algæ of the British Isles. Four volumes. London: Bradbury & Evans, 1859-60. Text available on Google books [https://books.google.com/books?id=3yaTjgEACAAJ&dq=nature+printed+british+sea+weeds&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy9_TitsrKAhUH4D4KHTfFCl8Q6AEILzAD here].
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Denton|first1=Sherman Foote|title=As nature shows them : moths and butterflies of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains : with over 400 photographic illustrations in the text and many transfers of species from life|page = vi|date=1900|publisher=J.B. Millet|location=Boston, U.S.A|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45790#page/11/mode/1up|accessdate=22 January 2016}}
7. ^{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nature Printing|year=1905}}