“NatWest Three”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The NatWest Three, also known as the Enron Three,^[1] are three British businessmen – Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew.^[2] In 2002 they were indicted in Houston, Texas on seven counts of wire fraud against their former employer Greenwich NatWest, at the time a division of National Westminster Bank.^[2]

After a high-profile battle in the British courts they were extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States in 2006. On 28 November 2007, each pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud in exchange for the other charges being dropped.^[3] On 22 February 2008 they were each sentenced to 37 months in prison. Initially they were jailed in the US, but were later repatriated to UK prisons to serve out the rest of their sentences and released from custody in August 2010.

Background

In the year 2000 the three had been working for Greenwich NatWest, then a unit of National Westminster Bank, later acquired by Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). The three were involved in Greenwich NatWest's dealings with Enron Corporation. As a result of these dealings NatWest owned a stake in a Cayman Islands-registered partnership called Swap Sub.^[4]

Swap Sub was a special purpose entity created by Andrew Fastow, Enron's CFO, ostensibly for the purpose of hedging Enron's investment in Rhythms NetConnections, an internet service provider. Swap Sub's assets consisted of cash and Enron stock. Its liability was an option giving Enron the ability to require it to buy Enron's entire investment in Rhythms NetConnections at a predetermined price in 2004.^[5] In addition to NatWest, Credit Suisse First Boston held an equal stake in Swap Sub. The remainder was owned by a partnership managed by Fastow.^[5]

In March 2000, Enron decided to terminate the hedging arrangement with Swap Sub. Fastow managed to persuade Enron to pay Swap Sub a $30 million fee to terminate the option and recover the Enron stock it owned,^[6] even though, because of a decline in the price of the Rhythms stock, "Swap Sub owed Enron a ton of money".^[7] $10 million of the payment went to Credit Suisse First Boston; Fastow falsely claimed to Enron that the other $20 million would go to NatWest, but in fact only $1 million did so. The payment, which was formally agreed on 22 March 2000, resulted in large profits for Swap Sub, enriching several Enron employees who had acquired ownership interests in the partnership.^[8]

The crime

According to the Statement of Facts which was signed by all three defendants as part of their eventual plea bargain, the Three realized in early 2000 that, because of rises in the stock prices of Enron and Rhythms, NatWest's interest in Swap Sub "had quite some value".^[9] On 22 February of that year, the three bankers made a presentation to Enron CFO Andrew Fastow suggesting ways in which this value could be captured; however, Fastow ultimately rejected this proposal.^[10]

Shortly afterwards, Fastow contacted Gary Mulgrew in late February or early March 2000 and offered to purchase NatWest's interest in Swap Sub.^[11] He also offered Mulgrew what is described in the Statement of Facts as "an unspecified financial opportunity" if he were to leave NatWest.^[11] Mulgrew discussed this conversation with Darby and Bermingham. On 6 March 2000, Fastow's assistant Michael Kopper contacted Darby with a formal proposal that a company Kopper controlled should purchase NatWest's stake in Swap Sub for $1 million.^[12] Mulgrew and Darby subsequently recommended to their superiors that NatWest should accept this offer.^[13]

Later that month, the three bankers learned that the "unspecified financial opportunity" which had been mentioned to Mulgrew involved their personally acquiring a portion of NatWest's stake in Swap Sub.^[14] In furtherance of this, Kopper set up a deal for the Three to acquire a put option on half of NatWest's former stake in the company. On 17 March, Darby collected the signatures needed to finalize the NatWest sale.^[15] On 20 March the Three executed the option agreement with Kopper.^[16] The Three concealed both their dealings with Fastow and Kopper, and the fact that they now had a financial interest in the company that bought Swap Sub, from their superiors at NatWest.^[17]

According to the Statement of Facts, the Three were unaware of the 22 March agreement to pay $30 million to Swap Sub.^[18] On 21 April 2000, Bermingham, who had resigned from NatWest in the meantime, exercised the options, resulting in a profit of more than $7 million.^[19] He subsequently split the proceeds with Darby and Mulgrew.^[20]

Timeline of legal proceedings

FSA investigation

In November 2001 the three bankers, having now moved to work at Royal Bank of Canada, learned that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was investigating Fastow, voluntarily met with the British Financial Services Authority (FSA) to discuss the deal.^[21]^[22] According to their own account, the Three initiated this meeting in order to "ensure transparency". Bermingham later claimed that "[w]e gave [the FSA] everything because we thought we had nothing to hide."^[26]

In February 2002 the FSA completed its inquiries without taking any action.^[21] It later emerged that the FSA had passed the results of its investigation to the SEC, which had in turn passed them on to the prosecutors in the US Department of Justice.^[23] According to a report in The Times the FSA report was so detailed that it told the SEC whom to interview and what evidence would be needed to secure a conviction, and concluded that "there appears to be evidence that the three individuals were subject to a major conflict of interest".^[23]

Issue of arrest warrants and indictment

US arrest warrants for the Three were issued in June 2002. They were indicted by a grand jury in Houston, Texas in September of the same year on seven counts of wire fraud.^[24] The warrants were among the first issued by Enron prosecutors and media reports speculated that their main purpose was to induce the Three into a plea bargain whereby they would testify against Kopper and Fastow (seen as more important prosecution targets) in exchange for reduced sentences.^[25]^[26]

During the long delay caused by the decision of the Three to fight extradition, however, Kopper and Fastow both pleaded guilty and entered into plea bargains themselves. Thus, in an ironic turn of events, Kopper and Fastow were likely to have been the key prosecution witnesses against the Three if the case had gone to trial.

The indictment set out seven counts of wire fraud, each one corresponding to a document (fax, email or wire transfer) that was transmitted electronically in the United States in furtherance of the alleged fraudulent scheme.^[27] In addition to the facts agreed to as part of the eventual plea bargain, the indictment alleged that the Three knew, at the time they recommended the sale of Swap Sub to NatWest, that its value was significantly greater than $1 million, and that the 22 February presentation to Fastow was part of the fraudulent scheme.^[27] Although Enron officials were involved, the indictment did not allege that Enron Corporation itself was a victim of the scheme, or that the Three's activities had any connection to Enron's collapse.^[28]

The evidence against the NatWest Three included preparations for the 22 February presentation, which contained the phrase

Prosecutors alleged that the use of the word "robbery" in the presentation showed that the Three knew that they were planning to commit a crime,^[29] Prosecutors pointed to the discrepancy between the $1 million accepted by NatWest, and the $10 million accepted by Credit Suisse First Boston for their equal stakes in Swap Sub.^[26]

Extradition to the United States

US prosecutors began to pursue proceedings in what they expected to be a "routine" extradition in the summer of 2002. The Three were arrested in Britain on 23 April 2004 and extradition proceedings under the Extradition Act 2003 commenced in June of that year amid widespread controversy.^[30]

In September 2004 a judge at Bow Street Magistrates' Court ruled that the extradition could proceed.^[31] The Three responded by suing Britain's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) in the High Court of Justice, seeking judicial review to force a prosecution in the UK which would have taken precedence over the US investigation. Bermingham commented to the press that "I cannot imagine anyone has taken the SFO to court for not prosecuting them before".^[32]

In response the SFO issued a statement defending its decision to defer to prosecutors in the US:

After a significant delay, the extradition was endorsed by Home Secretary Charles Clarke in May 2005. The Three appealed this decision also in the High Court. On 20 February 2006 both the appeal against extradition and the suit to force the SFO to prosecute (which were consolidated into one case) were rejected by the High Court.^[34] The bankers appealed further to the House of Lords, but this appeal failed on 21 June 2006.^[35] On 27 June 2006 the three lost an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. There were then rumours in the UK press that the British government would support their case but this was rejected by Attorney General Lord Goldsmith on 7 July 2006.^[36]

Initial court proceedings in the United States

After all legal avenues of appeal against extradition had been exhausted, the Three arrived in Houston on 13 July 2006 and were taken to the Federal Detention Center there. The next day they were released into the custody of their attorney and ordered to wear electronic monitoring devices. On 21 July a judge ruled that the Three could go free on bond but could not leave the Houston area, could not meet with each other without their lawyers present and must raise between $80,000 and $150,000 by the end of the month.^[37] US immigration services gave them permission to accept employment in the US for a period of one year: however the judge did not give them permission to travel throughout the US in order to seek work.^[38]

Trial date postponements

On 2 August 2006 the trial date was delayed indefinitely from 13 September 2006, in order to allow two of the Three to secure legal representation.^[39] On 9 August 2006 the legal situation of the Three was complicated by subpoenas served on them in an Enron-related civil suit against Royal Bank of Canada.^[40] On 12 August 2006 all three informed the judge that they had retained attorneys.^[41]

On 6 September 2006, the trial date was set for February 2007 if witnesses could be obtained in time, failing that for 4 September 2007. Until that time the Three were required to wear monitoring devices and were forbidden from leaving the Houston area.^[42] On 1 August 2007, the trial date was moved back yet again to January 2008. This was following another earlier postponement to 22 October. This further delay was a significant blow to the three, and their supporters stressed again the problems they were facing with the scale of legal fees and further separation from their families in the UK.^[43]

Witnesses controversy

On 6 August 2007, the Three asked the judge in the case to order six former colleagues living in Britain to provide video testimony for their defence. In a court filing explaining this request, they alleged that "[s]everal individuals now refuse to travel to the United States to appear on defendants' behalf because they feel, or have been, threatened by the [US] government".^[44] Such a request would have required the co-operation of British authorities.^[54]

The Three's filing also claimed that Royal Bank of Scotland was obstructing attempts to contact a larger group of thirty-six employees who were also potential witnesses, claiming that "[t]he Royal Bank of Scotland and the Royal Bank of Canada have… taken steps to prevent Defendants from securing the testimony of former colleagues",^[45] and that "counsel for the purported victim in this case [RBS] has interfered with the ability of defence counsel to obtain relevant testimony".^[46] They concluded that the Three's ability "to mount a vigorous defence has thereby been severely compromised, if not eviscerated".^[46] The Three went so far as to publicly name the prospective witnesses in the hope that that would encourage some of them to speak out.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Plea bargain

On 28 November 2007, the three accepted a plea bargain, pleading guilty to one count of wire fraud. In exchange, prosecutors agreed to drop the other six counts, and to support the application by the Three to serve part of their sentences in the United Kingdom.^[3]^[47]^[48] In the plea agreement, the Three pleaded guilty to count four of the indictment, relating to the email from London to Houston of the final Swap Sub sale documents. A "statement of facts" was appended to the plea agreement as Exhibit A and was signed by all three defendants.^[48]

Prosecutor Alice Fisher stated, "[t]hese three defendants admitted today that they defrauded NatWest by entering into a secret and illegal deal with officers from Enron – a deal that yielded millions in profits for them personally at the expense of their employer".^[47] However, an article in The Daily Telegraph argued that the guilty pleas were motivated not by actual guilt, but rather by the prospect of further delays before the trial and possible 35-year sentences if convicted.^[49] Other British commentators agreed that this was a possibility.^[50] The Telegraph piece went on to claim that the statement of facts did not state that the Three knowingly defrauded NatWest.^[49] The original indictment alleged that the Three knew that NatWest's stake was worth far more than the $1 million it was being sold for; the statement of facts claimed only that bankers believed it was likely that they would make significant amounts of money as a result of the transaction, based on information that they concealed from their employer.^[27]^[47]

In August 2010 Bermingham and Mulgrew appeared in a video on ungagged.net, a site devoted to attacking the US Department of Justice's handling of the Enron collapse. In the video David Bermingham recanted his guilty plea, and both he and Mulgrew claimed that they had been pressured into accepting plea bargains, attacking the US judicial system and characterising their treatment as "torture".^[51] Giles Darby said that he "fundamentally" disagreed with the claims made by Bermingham and Mulgrew in the video.^[52]

Sentencing and prison

The NatWest Three were sentenced on 22 February 2008 to 37 months of imprisonment.^[53] They were given no remission for the time they had spent in the United States awaiting trial.^[54]{{failed verification|date=March 2013}} They were also required to repay $7.3 million to Royal Bank of Scotland, the successor bank to Greenwich NatWest, of which $1.25 million would be due when the men surrendered themselves to prison authorities.^[53]^[55] During sentencing, the three each made brief statements to the judge. Mulgrew said that he had shown a "lack of integrity" and "exercised poor judgement", concluding that "I have no one to blame but myself".^[53] Darby admitted that he was "wrong", and said "I deeply regret my involvement in this whole affair."^[53]

Darby's lawyer stated that "Andy Fastow and the culture of greed at Enron corrupted everybody and everything it came in contact with", and added that the Three "are as much victims as anybody else."^[53] The Three requested to be assigned to the low-security federal prison in Allenwood, Pennsylvania.^[53] In April 2008, each was assigned to a different prison: Mulgrew was ordered to surrender to the facility in Big Spring, Texas on 30 April; Giles Darby to the Allenwood facility on 7 May; and David Bermingham to the prison in Lompoc, California, on 9 May.^[56]

Mulgrew, Darby and Bermingham were assigned consecutive federal inmate numbers (66096-179, 66097-179 and 66098-179 respectively). They were later allowed to serve the remainder of their sentence in England. Bermingham was moved from Spring Hill Open Prison to a closed prison in Grendon Underwood in August 2009.^[57] The three were released in August 2010.^[58]

Public relations campaign in Britain

Press coverage of the Three in Britain was initially mostly negative, focusing on the amount of money the men had gained and their extravagant lifestyles.^[59]

For example, The Independent wrote that the men saw themselves as "womanising buccanneers who played as hard and as fast as they pursued their deals", and The Sunday Times described Mulgrew as "fiercely competitive" with "a massive ego" and "scars on his arms" from his former career as a nightclub bouncer.^[59] The tone of the reporting changed when the Three secured the services of Bell Yard Communications, a public relations firm which specialised in "public reputation management during times of corporate crisis or dispute", headed by Melanie Riley.^[59] Adrian Flook of Communications was also involved.^[60] Both firms claimed to be working pro bono. Riley said that "I have been working pro bono for the last six months because I believe in the case. We have worked hard to ensure that people understood the inequity of the Extradition Act."^[85]

Guardian journalist Nick Davies, in his book Flat Earth News, described the strategy adopted by Bell Yard:

An article in the Financial Times also highlighted the achievements of the public relations team:

The Three feature as victims of British justice in the £500,000 documentary Taking Liberties, made by Bermingham's film finance acquaintance.^[62]^[63]

Extradition controversy

The extensive news coverage of the Three in Britain resulted in a large-scale debate over the merits of their extradition to the United States under the then new Extradition Act 2003. In particular, a high-profile campaign against the extradition was led by The Daily Telegraph newspaper.^[64] Several arguments were raised against the extradition.

Jurisdiction argument

It was argued that the crime was committed by British citizens living in Britain against a British company based in London, the nation's capital city and that, therefore, any resulting criminal case fell under British legal and territorial jurisdiction^[65] and should be tried by a British court.^[66] However, British authorities decided not to prosecute due to a purported lack of evidence.^[67]

Fair trial argument

Some argued that it would be very difficult for Three to receive a fair trial in Texas. The case could have taken years to come to trial. The trial was scheduled to begin in September 2006, but was repeatedly postponed to January 2008.{{Why|date=November 2015}} The three accused men would be forced to remain in the US, far away from their families in the UK. Additionally, while on bail they would be unable to find gainful employment in order to fund a legal defence against the charges brought against them. (The Three were permitted to seek employment in the US provided they remained in Houston.)^[38]

It was also claimed that the defendants would be handicapped in preparing a defence because most of the evidence and witnesses were overseas in the UK. They argued that witnesses would be reluctant to come to Texas.^[68]

Extradition inequality argument

It was alleged that the extradition arrangements between the US and the UK were highly unequal. The Act's terms made it easier to extradite British citizens to America than vice versa.^[69] There has been much criticism of the fact that the Americans do not have to produce a prima facie case^[70] to extradite UK citizens, whereas there was no comparable facility to extradite US citizens to the UK. Despite this, the head of Britain's Serious Fraud Office, Robert Wardle, has claimed that there would have been enough evidence to extradite the Three to the US even under the old extradition arrangements. He expressed astonishment that the men had become a "cause célèbre", and expressed confidence that the Three would get a fair trial in the US.^[29] Supporters of the Three claim that when the extradition law was passed in the wake of 11 September the UK government stated that it was only to be used in the so-called war against terror and if the treaty was ratified by the US.^[71] However, neither of these conditions was written into the text of the extradition law, and neither had been fulfilled in the case of the Three at the time of their extradition. (The treaty was subsequently ratified by the US in September 2006.){{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

House of Commons debate

The Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin, allowed an emergency debate, on 12 July 2006, on both the treaty and the 'Natwest Three' after a request by Liberal Democrat MP Nick Clegg.^[72]

Neil Coulbeck

On 12 July 2006, a former Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) executive and FBI prosecution witness Neil Coulbeck had been found dead, after committing suicide by slitting his wrists.^[73] Coulbeck had worked for RBS until 2004, latterly as Head of Group Treasury.^[74]

It had been suggested by friends and family that the FBI 'hounded' Coulbeck. At the inquest into his death, Coulbeck's wife stated that he had been deeply disturbed by the extradition of the Three, and it was known that he had provided a crucial statement which in part led to their extradition. On the day of his death he tried to contact NatWest's lawyers and shortly after left his home and was found dead a few days later.^[75] The FBI denied this, saying that it had interviewed Coulbeck only once, four years earlier.^[29]

After release

In January 2012, Mulgrew's book Gang of One detailing his early life, trial, experiences in prison, his reconciliation with his son and search for his daughter was published.^[76]^[77]^[78]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|work=The Times|title=Enron Three lose test case against extradition to US|date=21 February 2006|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article733156.ece|accessdate=14 April 2008|first=Simon|last=Freeman|location=London, UK}}{{registration required}}
2. ^{{cite news|date=12 July 2006|title=NatWest Three: the US indictment|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5174358.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=16 November 2015}}
3. ^¹{{cite news|date=28 November 2007|title=NatWest Three plead guilty to wire fraud|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/nov/28/2|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK|first=Andrew|last=Clark}}
4. ^Statement of Facts, section 8.
5. ^¹Fox, pp. 152–53
6. ^Fox, p. 159
7. ^{{cite book|title=Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego, and the Death of Enron|first=Robert|last=Bryce|location=New York|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2003|isbn=1-58648-201-7|page=227}}
8. ^Fox (2004), pp. 159–60
9. ^Statement of Facts, section 16
10. ^Statement of Facts, section 19.
11. ^¹Statement of Facts, section 20
12. ^Statement of Facts, section 21.
13. ^Statement of Facts, section 22.
14. ^Statement of Facts, section 23
15. ^Statement of Facts, section 26.
16. ^Statement of Facts, section 27.
17. ^Statement of Facts, section 28.
18. ^Statement of Facts, section 29
19. ^Statement of Facts, section 31
20. ^Statement of Facts, section 33.
21. ^¹{{cite news|work=Houston Chronicle|title=Source: British bankers to plead guilty in Enron case|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/enron/5333449.html|date=27 November 2007|accessdate=16 November 2015|first=Kristen|last=Hays}}
22. ^{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Q&A: NatWest Three|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/13/corporatefraud.enron3|date=13 July 2006|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK}}
23. ^¹{{cite news|work=The Times|title=City watchdog's findings were crucial in US case against NatWest Three|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article2971588.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011185411/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article2971588.ece|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 October 2008|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK|first1=Tom|last1=Bawden|first2=Suzy|last2=Jagger}}
24. ^Indictment: United States of America v. David Bermingham, Giles Darby and Gary Mulgrew, United States District Court, Southern District of Texas, Houston Division, usdoj.gov; accessed 16 November 2015.
25. ^{{cite news|work=The Spectator |title=The NatWest Three case lacks common sense, proportion – and a victim |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200607/ai_n17178795 |first=Martin van der |last=Weyer |accessdate=14 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116234944/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200607/ai_n17178795/ |archivedate=16 November 2011 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite news|work=The Observer|title=The bankers, the big deal and the taint of scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/16/enron.usnews|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK|first=Jamie|last=Doward}}
27. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/enron/usbrmnghm91202ind.pdf|format=PDF|title=Indictment: United States of America v. David Bermingham, Giles Darby and Gary Mulgrew|accessdate=14 April 2008}}
28. ^{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Fraud accused talks of MSP mother|date=19 October 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3756240.stm|accessdate=16 November 2015}}
29. ^¹²³{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=NatWest Three: hounded by the US or caught red-handed?|date=15 July 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/enron/story/0,,1821114,00.html|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK|first=Ian|last=Cobain}}
30. ^Brits arrested in Enron case awaiting extradition hearingHouston Chronicle, 10 June 2004.
31. ^{{cite news|work=The Independent|title=Judge backs extradition of NatWest trio to face Enron trial|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/judge-backs-extradition-of-natwest-trio-to-face-enron-trial-543910.html|accessdate=16 November 2015|location=London, UK|first=Julia|last=Kollewe}}
32. ^{{cite news|work=Evening Standard|title=NatWest trio sue Serious Fraud Office|url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=398018&in_page_id=2|accessdate=16 November 2015|first=Andrew|last=Gilligan}}
33. ^¹²{{cite news|work=The Times|title=We want British justice, not a US witchhunt|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3316797.ece|date=3 February 2005|accessdate=14 April 2008|first=Steve|last=Boggan|location=London, UK}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Bermingham & Others (otao) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office and HM Attorney General|url=http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/new/casebook/cases/Cases%20Chapter%2026/Bermingham.doc|accessdate=14 April 2008}}
35. ^{{cite news|date=21 June 2006|title=Enron trio fail to secure appeal|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5103730.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 July 2006}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=UK trial for Enron trio rejected|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5160094.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=13 July 2006}}
37. ^"Judge: Brits in Enron case must stay put", Houston Chronicle, 21 July 2006
38. ^¹"Judge limits travel of British Enron bankers", Houston Chronicle, 22 July 2006.
39. ^Former bankers win delay in trial, Houston Chronicle, 2 August 2006
40. ^Enron investors call NatWest Three in civil lawsuit, The Guardian, 9 August 2006
41. ^Ex-bankers from Britain retain lawyers, Houston Chronicle, 12 August 2006
42. ^Trial set for next September in Enron-related case, Houston Chronicle, 6 September 2006
43. ^Natwest Three devastated at new trial delay,The Times,2 August 2007.
44. ^{{cite news|work=Houston Chronicle|title=Accused British bankers urge videotaped depositions|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/enron/5032163.html|accessdate=16 November 2015}}
45. ^{{cite news|work=The Times|title=NatWest Three cry foul over witnesses|date=12 August 2007|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article2240251.ece|accessdate=13 April 2008|first=Ben|last=Laurance|location=London, UK}}
46. ^¹²{{cite news|work=TheLawyer.com |title=NatWest Three lawyers in row with Travers over defence'interference' |first=Caroline |last=Binham |date=20 August 2007 |url=http://www.thelawyer.com/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=127942&d=122&h=24&f=46 |accessdate=16 November 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
47. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Three Former British Bankers Plead Guilty to Wire Fraud in Enron Case|url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/November/07_crm_949.html|last=United States Department of Justice|accessdate=16 November 2015}}
48. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/NatWest_Three_David_Bermingham_Plea_Agr.pdf|format=PDF|title=Plea Agreement for David Bermingham|accessdate=13 April 2008}}
49. ^¹{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=Natwest Three hope plea will speed up ordeal|date=30 November 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/11/29/bcnnatwest12.xml|accessdate=13 April 2008|first=James|last=Quinn|location=London, UK}}
50. ^{{cite news|work=Financial Times|title=Judicial torture and the NatWest 3|date=29 November 2007|url=http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=judicial+torture&y=0&aje=true&x=0&id=071129000600&ct=0|accessdate=13 April 2008|first=Martin|last=Wolf}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
51. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7947139/NatWest-banker-claims-he-was-tortured-into-pleading-guilty-over-theft-of-7.3m-from-RBS.html "NAT West banker claims he was 'tortured' into pleading guilty"], Daily Telegraph, 15 August 2010.
52. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7948601/NatWest-Three-trial-Giles-Darby-fundamentally-disagrees-with-torture-outburst-from-David-Bermingham-and-Gary-Mulgrew.html "Giles Darby fundamentally disagrees with 'torture' outburst by David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew"], Daily Telegraph, 17 August 2010.
53. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune|title= 'NatWest 3' sentenced to 37 months each|date=22 February 2008|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/22/business/natwest.php|accessdate=13 April 2008|first=Kate|last=Murphy}}
54. ^{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=NatWest Three express remorse as they are jailed for 37 months|date=22 February 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/feb/22/banking.enron|accessdate=13 April 2008|first=Andrew|last=Clark|location=London, UK}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Three Former British Bankers Sentenced in Enron Case|last=United State Department of Justice|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2008/February/08_crm_135.html|accessdate=13 April 2008}}
56. ^{{cite news|work=Houston Chronicle|title= Different prisons for 3 ex-bankers|date=22 April 2008|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/5722689.html|accessdate=16 November 2015}}
57. ^{{cite news|work=Daily Mirror|title=Jailed NatWest fraudster working for an investment group|date=30 August 2008|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/08/30/the-nat-west-free-115875-21634316|accessdate=21 January 2010}}
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