“Neoclassical architecture in Poland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Neoclassical architecture in Poland was centered in Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski,^[1]^[2] while the modern concept of a single capital city was to some extent inapplicable in the decentralized Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[3] Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century as the result of French infiltrations into the Polish millieu.^[4] The best-known architects and artists who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini, Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer, Szymon Bogumił Zug, Stanisław Zawadzki, Efraim Szreger, Antonio Corazzi, Jakub Kubicki, Christian Piotr Aigner, Wawrzyniec Gucewicz, Bonifacy Witkowski and Danish Bertel Thorvaldsen.^[5]

The first stage, called the Stanislavian style, followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism.^[6] The palladian patterns were independently interpreted by Szymon Bogumił Zug, who followed an influence of radical French classicism.^[7] A palladian by influence was also Piotr Aigner - author of the facade of St. Anne's Church in Warsaw (1786-1788) and St. Alexander Church (1818-1826).^[7] Palladian ideas were implemented in a popular type of a palace with a pillared portico.^[7]

The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer, Palace on the Water, Królikarnia and the palace in Jabłonna. Kamsetzer erected the Amphitheatre in the Royal Baths Park and the Warsaw palaces of the Raczyńskis and Tyszkiewiczs as well as the palace in Iskierniki. Among the most notable works by Szymon Bogumił Zug is a palace in Natolin and Holy Trinity Church and gardens: Solec, Powązki, Mokotów and Arcadia near Nieborów.

From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and the St. Alexander's Church in Warsaw, the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy, rebuilding the Łańcut Castle. The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi.^[7] Corazzi has created a complex of Bank Square in Warsaw, the edifices of the Treasury, Revenue and the Commission of Government, the building of the Staszic Palace, Mostowski Palace and designed the Grand Theatre. Belvedere and Pawłowice were created by Jakub Kubicki, while Lubostroń and Dobrzyca by Stanisław Zawadzki. The notable town halls in Łowicz, Płock, Błonie, Konin and Aleksandrów Łódzki are dating back the first half of the nineteenth century.

Notes

1. ^The above mentioned buildings cannot in any way be compared with what was built in Warsaw at that time, because Warsaw become the real artistic capital of Poland. Much of the artistic work done in Warsaw was thanks to the sponsorship of Stanislaus Augustus. The creative artists gathered there and the most outstanding architects of the classicist period were very active. At that time, Cracow become artistically provincial. {{cite book |author=Michał Rożek, Doris Ronowicz|coauthors=|title=Cracow: a treasury of Polish culture and art|year=1988|editor= |page=74|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Interpress Publishers|location= |isbn=83-223-2245-3|url=|format= |accessdate=}}
2. ^{{cite web |author=John Stanley |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200403/ai_n9363971/?tag=content;col1 |title= Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?|work= findarticles.com |publisher= |pages= |page= |date=March–June 2004 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795 – Volume 20 of Cambridge studies in historical geography|url=|year=1994|author=Francis W. Carter|pages=186, 187|publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-41239-1}}
4. ^{{cite book |author=Marek Kwiatkowski|coauthors=|title=Stanisław August, król-architekt (Stanislaus Augustus, the king-architect)|year=1983|editor= |page=274|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich|location= |isbn=83-04-00850-5|url=|format= |accessdate=}}
5. ^{{cite book |author=Jon Stewart, Jon Bartley Stewart|coauthors=|title=Kierkegaard and his contemporaries: the culture of golden age Denmark|year=2003|editor= |page=394|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location= |isbn=3-11-017762-5|url=|format= |accessdate=}}
6. ^{{cite book |author=Manfred Kridl|coauthors=|title=A survey of Polish literature and culture|year=1967 |editor= |pages=192, 343|chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Columbia University Press|location= |isbn=|url=|format= |accessdate=}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite book |author=Wojciech Słowakiewicz|coauthors=|title=Wielka encyklopedia polski|year=2000|editor= |page=|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=Fogra|location=|isbn=|url=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/36860,,,,polska_sztuka,haslo.html|accessdate=|language=pl}}

Notes

Notable structures

External links