| 词条 | New Ireland (island) |
| 释义 |
| name = New Ireland | image_name = NewIrelandOMC.png | image_caption = New Ireland's main towns and nearby islands | image_size = | map = Papua New Guinea | map_caption = | native_name = Niu Ailan | native_name_link = Tok Pisin | nickname = | location = | coordinates = {{coord|3.33|S|152|E|scale:2500000|display=inline}} | archipelago = Bismarck Archipelago | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 7404 | length_km = 360 | width_km = 10 | width_footnotes = - {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} | highest_mount = Mount Taron | elevation_m = 2379 | country = Papua New Guinea | country_admin_divisions_title = Province | country_admin_divisions = New Ireland Province | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | country_largest_city = Kavieng | country_largest_city_population = 10,600 | population = 118,350[1] | population_as_of =2002 | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} New Ireland (Tok Pisin: Niu Ailan) or Latangai, is a large island in Papua New Guinea, approximately {{convert|7,404|km2|abbr=on}} in area with ca. 120,000 people.[2] It is the largest island of New Ireland Province, lying northeast of the island of New Britain. Both islands are part of the Bismarck Archipelago, named after Otto von Bismarck, and they are separated by Saint George's Channel. The administrative centre of the island and of New Ireland province is the town of Kavieng located at the northern end of the island. While the island was part of German New Guinea, it was named Neumecklenburg ("New Mecklenburg"). GeographyThe island is part of the Bismarck Archipelago and is often described as having the shape of a musket. For much of its {{convert|360|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length, the island's width varies between less than {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}, yet the central mountainous spine is very steep and rugged. The highest peak is Mount Taron in the Hans Meyer Range ({{convert|2,379|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Other mountain ranges are Tirpitz, Schleinitz, Verron and Rossel.[3] The island lies between two and five degrees south of the equator. The original land cover was primarily dense rainforest. New Ireland is surrounded by the Bismarck Sea in the southwest and by the Pacific Ocean in the northeast.[4] HistoryThe first inhabitants of the Bismarck Archipelago arrived around 33,000 years ago after sailing from what is now Papua New Guinea. Later arrivals included the Lapita people approximately 3,000 years ago. Three distinct cultural practices are characteristic of the native people of New Ireland: Kabai, Malagan and Tumbuan.[5] In 1616 the Dutch sailors Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten were the first Europeans to set foot on the island. Louis Antoine de Bougainville anchored here on 6 July 1768, eleven months after Philip Carteret.[6]Whaling ships often called at the island in the 19th century, for water, wood and provisions. The first recorded was by the Resource in 1799.[7] Islanders sometimes served as crewmen on these vessels. The last known whaling visitor was the Belvedere in 1884.[8]In the 1870s and 1880s, the Marquis de Rays, a French nobleman, attempted to establish a French colony on the island called New France.[9] He sent four ill-fated expeditions to the island, the most famous of which caused the death of 123 settlers. From 1885 to 1914 New Ireland was a part of German New Guinea and bore the name Neumecklenburg. Germans managed several highly profitable copra plantations and built a road to transport the goods. This road is currently in service and is named the Boluminski Highway after the German administrator of German New Guinea, Franz Boluminski. After World War I New Ireland was ceded to Australia. Australia renamed the island New Ireland, after the island of Ireland. In January 1942, during World War II, the island was captured by Japanese forces and was under their control. EcologyWidespread deforestation and degradation of lowland rainforest is an issue on New Ireland and the other eastern islands of Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Bougainville Island) as well as on Papua New Guinea mainland. Nearly 60% of their forests are accessible to logging, and by 2002, 63% of the accessible forests had been deforested or degraded.[10] Culture{{see also|New Ireland languages}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nri.org.pg/research_divisions/cross_divisional_projects/17%20New%20Ireland.pdf |title=New Ireland Province |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=16 August 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web |publisher=United Nations Environment Program |url=http://islands.unep.ch/IHD.htm#857 |title=Islands by land area: New Ireland |work=islands.unep.ch |date=1988}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=NI mountains tell a tale|url=http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20060922/weekend06.htm |accessdate=19 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405200422/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20060922/weekend06.htm |archivedate=5 April 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/new_guinea/txu-oclc-6552576-sb56-3.jpg |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |author=US Army Map Service |title=New Guinea Topographic Map Book, TK250, Sheet SB 56-3 |year=1964}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newirelandtourism.org.pg/culture.htm |title=People & Culture |publisher=New Ireland Tourism |date= |accessdate=16 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603104812/http://www.newirelandtourism.org.pg/culture.htm |archivedate=3 June 2013 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Salmond|first1=Anne|title=Aphrodite's Island|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520261143|pages=114}} 7. ^Robert Langdon (ed.) Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, 1984, p.187. {{ISBN|0-86784-471-X}} 8. ^Langdon, p.187. 9. ^{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Papua_New_Guinea.htm |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher= Worldttatesmen.org |year= 2000}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=8842|title=Forest Change on New Ireland, Papua New Guinea|first=NASA's Visible|last=Earth|date=11 August 2009|website=visibleearth.nasa.gov}} 11. ^{{cite book| last = Gunn| first = Michael|author2=Phillipe Feltier | title = New Ireland: Art of the South Pacific| publisher = Continents Editions| year = 2006| location = Milan| pages =| isbn = 88-7439-369-5}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=d'Alleva|first=Anne|editor=Kara Hattersley-Smith|title=Arts of the Pacific Islands|year=1998|publisher=Perspectives – Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-2722-5|page=75}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nwir/ho_1981.331.5.htm |title=Male Figure (Kulap) [Southern New Ireland] (1981.331.5) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metmuseum.org |date=2 June 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014}} External links{{commons category|New Ireland}}{{Collier's Poster|New Ireland}}
4 : Bismarck Archipelago|New Ireland Province|Islands of Papua New Guinea|Islands of Oceania |
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