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词条 New World crops
释义

  1. Timeline

  2. See also

  3. References

The phrase "New World crops" is usually used to describe crops, food and otherwise, that were native to the New World (mostly the Americas) before 1492 CE and not found anywhere else at that time. Many of these crops are now grown around the world and have often become an integral part of the cuisine of various cultures in the Old World.

Notable among these crops are the Three Sisters: maize, winter squash, and climbing beans.

New World crops by type[1]
Cereals little barley, maize (corn), maygrass, wild rice
Pseudocereals amaranth, knotweed, goosefoot (quinoa), sunflower, chia
Fruitsaçaí, acerola, avocado, blueberry, cashew apple, cherimoya, cranberry, curuba, feijoa, granadilla or lulo, guava (guayaba), huckleberry, jabuticaba, jerivá, jurubeba, macaúba, papaya, pawpaw, passionfruit, peppers, persimmon (American), pineapple, pitanga, pitaya, prickly pear, soursop, garden strawberry, sugar-apple, tomato, tomatillo, tucum
Melonschayote, squashes (including pumpkins)
Beans common bean, lima bean, peanut, scarlet runner bean, tepary bean
NutsAmerican chestnut, Araucaria, black walnut, Brazil nut, cashew, hickory, pecan, shagbark hickory
Roots and Tubersarracacha, arrowroot, jicama, camas root, hopniss, leren, manioc (yuca, cassava), mashua or cubio, oca, potato, sweet potato, ulluco, yacón, sunroot (Jerusalem artichoke)
Fiber agave, yucca, cotton (long-staple and upland)
Other achiote (annatto), balsam of Peru, canna, chicle (ingredient in chewing gum), coca leaf, cocoa bean, cochineal (red dye), guarana, logwood, maple syrup, poinsettia flowers, rubber tree, tobacco, vanilla, yerba mate

Timeline

The new world developed agriculture by at least 8000 BC.[2][3][4] The following table shows when each New World crop was first domesticated.

Timeline of cultivation
Date Crops Location
8000 BCE[5]SquashOaxaca, Mexico
8000-5000 BCE[6] Potato Peruvian Andes
6000-4000 BCE[7] Peppers Oaxaca, Mexico
5700 BCE[5][8] Maize Guerrero, Mexico
5500 BCE[9] Peanut South America
5000 BCE[10] Avocado Mexico
4000 BCE Common bean Central America
3400 BCE[11] CottonTehuacan Valley, Mexico
2000 BCE Sunflowers
Other beans
1500 BCE[12] Cocoa Mexico
1500 BCE[13] Sweet potato Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia
500 BCE[14] Tomato Mexico

See also

{{portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|Food}}
  • Columbian Exchange
  • First agricultural revolution
  • List of food plants native to the Americas
  • Neolithic founder crops
  • Timeline of agriculture and food technology

References

1. ^Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, p. 126.
2. ^{{ Cite book | author=Smith, A.F. | year=1994 | title=The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery | publisher=University of South Carolina Press | isbn=1570030006 |page=13}}
3. ^{{cite web |last1=Hirst |first1=K. Kris |title=Plant Domestication – Table of Dates and Places |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/plant_domestic.htm |publisher=About.com |accessdate=15 June 2016}}
4. ^{{cite journal |authors=Dolores, R.; Piperno, Anthony J.; Ranere, Irene Holst; Iriarte, Jose; Dickau, Ruth |year=2009 |title=Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico |journal=PNAS |volume=106 |issue=13 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5019.full |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812525106 |pages=5019–5024 |pmid=19307570 |pmc=2664021 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5019P }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Bruce D.|title=Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=February 2001|volume=98|issue=4|pages=1324–1326|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/1324.full|accessdate=4 November 2013|doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324|pmid=11171946|pmc=33375}}
6. ^{{cite journal | title = A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping | last = Spooner | first = DM | journal = PNAS | volume = 102 | issue = 41 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507400102 | pmc = 1253605 | pages = 14694–99 | pmid = 16203994 | year = 2005 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/102/41/14694|display-authors=etal}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Linda|author2=Kent V. Flannery |title=Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=July 17, 2007|volume=104|issue=29|pages=11905–11909|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/29/11905.full|accessdate=4 November 2013|doi=10.1073/pnas.0704936104|pmid=17620613|pmc=1924538}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Ranere|first=Anthony J. |author2=Dolores R. Piper |author3=Irene Holst |author4=Ruth Dickau |author5=José Iriarte|title=The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=January 23, 2009|volume=106|issue=13|pages=5014–5018|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/13/5014.full|accessdate=4 November 2013|doi=10.1073/pnas.0812590106|pmid=19307573|pmc=2664064}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Earliest-Known Evidence Of Peanut, Cotton And Squash Farming Found|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070628162623.htm|publisher=Science Daily|accessdate=4 November 2013|date=June 29, 2007}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Galindo-Tovar, María Elena |author2=Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M. |author3=Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao |author4=Landero-Torres, Ivonne |last-author-amp=yes |year=2007 |title=The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history |journal=Harvard Papers in Botany |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=325–334, page 325|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/megalindo/files/2010/07/GalindoTovar_325_334_V21.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010145152/http://www.uv.mx/personal/megalindo/files/2010/07/GalindoTovar_325_334_V21.pdf |archivedate=10 October 2015 |deadurl=no |doi=10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=41761865}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=The Domestication History of Cotton|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/domestication-history-of-cotton-gossypium-170429|accessdate=21 August 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/chocolate/the-history-of-chocolate.asp|title=History of Chocolate Timeline - Origin of Chocolate|work=thenibble.com}}
13. ^{{cite LSA |last=García |first=Jorge Luis |type=M.A. |title=The Foods and crops of the Muisca: a dietary reconstruction of the intermediate chiefdoms of Bogotá (Bacatá) and Tunja (Hunza), Colombia (M.A.) |url=http://www.caracol.org/include/files/chase/GarciaMA.pdf |year=2012 |publisher=University of Central Florida |pages=1–201 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
14. ^{{ Cite book | author = Smith, A. F. | year = 1994 | title = The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | location = Columbia SC, US | isbn = 978-1-57003-000-0 }}
{{Prehistoric technology|state=collapsed}}

2 : History of agriculture|Crops originating from the Americas
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