| 词条 | Divine providence |
| 释义 |
In theology, divine providence, or just providence, is God's intervention in the Universe. The term Divine Providence (usually capitalized) is also used as a title of God. A distinction is usually made between "general providence", which refers to God's continuous upholding of the existence and natural order of the Universe, and "special providence", which refers to God's extraordinary intervention in the life of people.[1] Miracles generally fall in the latter category.[2] Etymology{{unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}The word comes from Latin providentia "foresight, prudence", from pro- "ahead" and videre "to see". The current use of the word has the sense of "knowledge of the future" or omniscience, understood as an attribute of God. Catholic theologyAugustine of Hippo is perhaps most famously associated with the doctrine of divine providence in the Latin West. Augustine held that since God's governance takes place in the universe comprising a vast multitude of relatively independent individuals differing in nature, function, and end, this implies the continuous control and unifying governance of a single supreme Being.[3]However, Christian teaching on providence in the High Middle Ages was most fully developed by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica. The concept of providence as care exercised by God over the universe, his foresight and care for its future is extensively developed and explained both by Aquinas himself and modern Thomists. One of the foremost modern Thomists, Dominican father Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, wrote a study of providence entitled "Providence: God's loving care for man and the need for confidence in Almighty God." In it, he presents and solves, according to Catholic doctrine, the most difficult issues as related to providence. Reformed theology{{See also|Reformed theology}}This term is an integral part of John Calvin's theological framework known as Calvinism, which emphasizes the total depravity of man and the complete sovereignty of God. God's plan for the world and every soul that he has created is guided by his will, or providence. According to Calvin, the idea that man has free will and is able to make choices independently of what God has already determined is based on our limited understanding of God's perfection and the idea that God's purposes can be circumvented. In this mode of thought, providence is related to absolute free will. This concept remains prominent among many Protestant denominations that identify with Calvinism, the Reformed churches. Lutheran theology{{See also|Lutheranism}}In Lutheran theology, divine providence refers to God's preservation of creation, his cooperation with everything that happens, and his guiding of the universe.[4] While God cooperates with both good and evil deeds, with the evil deeds he does so only inasmuch as they are deeds, not with the evil in them. God concurs with an act's effect, but he does not cooperate in the corruption of an act or the evil of its effect.[5] Lutherans believe everything exists for the sake of the Christian Church, and that God guides everything for its welfare and growth.[6] According to Martin Luther, divine providence began when God created the world with everything needed for human life, including both physical things and natural laws.[7] In Luther's Small Catechism, the explanation of the first article of the Apostles' Creed declares that everything people have that is good is given and preserved by God, either directly or through other people or things.[8] Of the services others provide us through family, government, and work, he writes, "we receive these blessings not from them, but, through them, from God."[9] Since God uses everyone's useful tasks for good, people should look not down upon some useful vocations as being less worthy than others. Instead people should honor others, no matter how lowly, as being the means God uses to work in the world.[9] Eastern Orthodox theologyThe doctrine of providence in Eastern Orthodoxy is set out by St John of Tobolsk: "St. John Damascene describes it thus: 'Providence is Divine will which maintains everything and wisely rules over everything' ... It was not by chance that the iniquitous Israeli King Ahab was struck by an arrow that flew in between the seams of his armor. Truly that arrow was directed by the hand of God, just as was the one which struck Julian the Apostate; only for the soldier who let fly the arrow was it accidental. It was not by chance that swallows flew into the home of Tobit and blinded the righteous man. This happened at God’s command, in order to hold Tobit up as an example to succeeding generations, as we learn from the Angel who accompanied his son Tobias. Nothing happens by chance. It was not by chance that Caesar Augustus ordered the census to be taken in the year of Christ’s Nativity. It was not by chance that Christ met with the Samaritan woman at the well in Sychar and spoke with her. All this was foreseen and written down in the books of Divine Providence before the beginning of time.”[10] Swedenborgian theology{{See also|The New Church}}Divine Providence is a book published by Emanuel Swedenborg in 1764 which describes his systematic theology regarding providence, free will, theodicy, and other related topics. Both meanings of providence are applicable in Swedenborg's theology, in that providence encompasses understanding, intent and action. Divine providence relative to man is 'foresight', and relative to the Lord is 'providence'.[11] Swedenborg proposes that one law of divine providence is that man should act from freedom according to reason, and that man is regenerated according to the faculties of rationality and liberty.[12]In Jewish thought{{Main|Divine providence (Judaism)}}Divine providence ({{lang-he-n|השגחה פרטית}} Hashgochoh Protis / Hashgachah Pratit lit. [Divine] supervision of the individual) is discussed throughout Rabbinic literature, and in particular by the classical Jewish philosophers. These writings maintain that divine providence means that God is directing (or even recreating) every minute detail of creation. This analysis thus underpins much of Orthodox Judaism's world view, particularly as regards questions of interaction with the natural world. LDS theologyThere is little theological literature on the terms provenance or providence in LDS studies. As stated above, Reformed theology relates these terms to predestination, which does have more prominence in LDS theology, if only as a polemical term. One particular text that could be interpreted as being related to such terms is in the Book of Abraham. As Abraham is shown the heavens, he is also shown the pre-mortal spirits of mankind. And God saw these souls that they were good, and he stood in the midst of them, and he said: These I will make my rulers; for he stood among those that were spirits, and he saw that they were good; and he said unto me: Abraham, thou art one of them; thou wast chosen before thou wast born.[13]The "making of rulers" above is explained as foreordination (in the chapter summary) as opposed to "predestination"[14]. This differentiation balances free will (or free agency in LDS theology) against Divine intervenion. Noted LDS scholar Richard Draper has described the church's position thusly, "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints rejects the belief in predestination-that God predetermines the salvation or the damnation of every individual ... The LDS position is based in part on the teachings of Paul that God "will render to every man according to his deeds" and that "there is no respect of persons with God" (Rom. 2:6, 11). These two principles provide a basis for understanding Paul's use of the term "predestination." The term apparently connoted "to be ordained beforehand for godly labor." In the sense that one's potential or calling has been recognized and declared, this interpretation conforms with the Greek term Paul used, proorizo, and does not denote an irreversible or irresistible predetermination."[15] However, this does not imply a passive God. In fact, LDS theology favours a more active, interventionist God. In its more recent General Conferences of the church, Elder Ronald A. Rasband of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, clearly articulates this, "Our lives are like a chessboard, and the Lord moves us from one place to another"[16] Rasband continues by citing a well-known text from in the Book of Mormon[17], in which Nephi finds his nemesis unconscious from inebriation in front of him, he concludes, "Was he fortunate to just happen upon Laban? Or was it by “divine design”?[16] Although the text itself limits the interaction of the Divine to the "Spirit" to commanding Nephi to "Slay him."[17] It is important to note, though, that God also limits his involvement. Rasband interprets one particular passage from the Book of Mormon[18] as saying that God (through his Spirit) will only intervene based on righteousness.[16] Rasband concludes that, "When we are righteous, willing, and able, when we are striving to be worthy and qualified, we progress to places we never imagined and become part of Heavenly Father’s “divine design.”[16] Specific examplesText of ScriptureThose who believe in the inerrancy of the original biblical manuscripts often accompany this belief with a statement about how the biblical text has been preserved so that what we have today is at least substantially similar to what was written. That is, just as God "divinely inspired the text," so he has also "divinely preserved it throughout the centuries."[19] The Westminster Confession of Faith states that the Scriptures, "being immediately inspired by God, and by his singular care and providence kept pure in all ages, are therefore authentical."[20] This is an important argument in the King James Only debates. Edward F. Hills argues that the principle of providentially preserved transmission guarantees that the printed Textus Receptus must be the closest text to the Greek autographs.[21] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Providence.aspx#1O101-Providence |title=Providence |work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date= |access-date=2014-07-17}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Creation, Providence, and Miracle |url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/creation-providence-and-miracle |publisher=Reasonable Faith |access-date=2014-05-20}} 3. ^Walker, Leslie. "Divine Providence." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 19 November 2016 4. ^Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. Concordia Publishing House. 1934. pp. 189-195 and Fuerbringer, L., [https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp Concordia Cyclopedia] Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 635 and Christian Cyclopedia article on Divine Providence. For further reading, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=IxsRAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0qGARztO5CYpYL7QTFJ&as_brr=0#PPA212,M1 The Proof Texts of the Catechism with a Practical Commentary, section Divine Providence], p. 212, Wessel, Louis, published in Theological Quarterly, Vol. 11, 1909. 5. ^Mueller, Steven P.,Called to Believe, Teach, and Confess. Wipf and Stock. 2005. pp. 122-123. 6. ^Mueller, J.T., Christian Dogmatics. Concordia Publishing House: 1934. pp. 190 and Edward. W. A.,A Short Explanation of Dr. Martin Luther's Small Catechism. Concordia Publishing House. 1946. p. 165. and Divine Providence and Human Adversity {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707130929/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/1122 |date=2010-07-07 }} by Markus O. Koepsell 7. ^[https://archive.org/details/luthersworksvolu009862mbp Luther's Works Vol. 1 Lectures on Genesis Chapters 1-5] page 25, 47 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bookofconcord.com/smallcatechism.html#creed |title=Luther's Small Catechism, The Apostle's Creed |publisher=Bookofconcord.com |date= |accessdate=2014-07-17}} 9. ^1 Luther's Large Catechism, First Commandment 10. ^http://livingorthodoxfaith.blogspot.co.za/2009/11/divine-providence-by-st-john-of-tobolsk.html 11. ^S. Warren, Compendium of Swedenborg's Theological Writings, page 480 12. ^Swedenborg, E. Divine Providence, note 71-73 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/pgp/abr/3?lang=eng|title=Abraham 3|website=www.lds.org|access-date=2017-10-18}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/ensign/1990/12/i-have-a-question?lang=eng|title=I Have a Question - Ensign Dec. 1990 - ensign|website=www.lds.org|access-date=2017-10-18}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Predestination|title=Predestination - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism|website=eom.byu.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-18}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2017/10/by-divine-design?lang=eng|title=By Divine Design - By Elder Ronald A. Rasband|last=Rasband|first=By Elder Ronald A.|website=www.lds.org|access-date=2017-10-18}} 17. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/4?lang=eng|title=1 Nephi 4|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lds.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-18}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/4.24-25?lang=eng#23|title=Helaman 4|website=www.lds.org|access-date=2017-10-18}} 19. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.quodlibet.net/weil-inerrancy.shtml |title=Inerrancy and its Implications for Authority: Textual Critical Considerations in Formulating an Evangelical Doctrine of Scripture |journal=Quodlibet |volume=4 |issue=4 |date=November 2002}} 20. ^Westminster Confession of Faith, I.viii. 21. ^Edward F. Hills, King James Version Defended!, pp. 199-200. External links{{commonscat}}Christian material
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5 : Attributes of God in Christian theology|Jewish philosophy|Metaphysics of religion|Philosophy of religion|Religious terminology |
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