“New York Manumission Society”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The New York Manumission Society was an American organization founded in 1785 by U.S. Founding Father John Jay, among others, to promote the gradual abolition of slavery and manumission of slaves of African descent within the state of New York. The organization was made up entirely of white men, most of whom were wealthy and held influential positions in society. Throughout its history, which ended in 1849,^[1] the society battled against the slave trade, and for the eventual emancipation of all the slaves in the state. It founded the African Free School for the poor and orphaned children of slaves and free people of color.

Founding

The New York Manumission Society was founded in 1785, under the full name "The New-York Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, and Protecting Such of Them as Have Been, or May be Liberated". The organization originally comprised a few dozen friends, many of whom were themselves slaveholders at the time.

Robert Troup presided over the first meeting,^[2] which was held on January 25, 1785, at the home of John Simmons, who had space for the nineteen men in attendance since he kept an inn. Troup and Melancton Smith were appointed to draw up rules, and John Jay was elected as the Society's first president.

At the second meeting, held on February 4, 1785, the group grew to 31 members, including Alexander Hamilton.^[1]^[3] Several of the members were Quakers.

The Society formed a ways-and-means committee to deal with the difficulty that more than half of the members, including Troup and Jay, owned slaves (mostly a few domestic servants per household). The committee reported a plan for gradual emancipation: members would free slaves then younger than 28 when they reached the age of 35, slaves between 28 and 38 in seven years' time, and slaves over 45 immediately. This was voted down, and the committee was dissolved.^[3]

Activities

Lobbying and boycotts

John Jay had been a prominent leader in the antislavery cause since 1777, when he drafted a state law to abolish slavery in New York. The draft failed, as did a second attempt in 1785. In 1785, all state legislators except one voted for some form of gradual emancipation. However, they did not agree on what civil rights would be given to the slaves once they were freed.

Jay brought prominent political leaders into the Society, and also worked closely with Aaron Burr, later head of the Democratic-Republicans in New York. The Society started a petition against slavery, which was signed by almost all the politically prominent men in New York, of all parties and led to a bill for gradual emancipation. Burr, in addition to supporting the bill, made an amendment for immediate abolition, which was voted down.

The Society was instrumental in having a state law passed in 1785 prohibiting the sale of slaves imported into the state, and making it easy for slaveholders to manumit slaves either by a registered certificate or by will. In 1788 the purchase of slaves for removal to another state was forbidden; they were allowed trial by jury "in all capital cases;" and the earlier laws about slaves were simplified and restated. The emancipation of slaves by the Quakers was legalized in 1798. At that date, there were still about 33,000 slaves statewide.^[4]

The Society organized boycotts against New York merchants and newspaper owners involved in the slave trade. The Society had a special committee of militants who visited newspaper offices to warn publishers against accepting advertisements for the purchase or sale of slaves.

Another committee kept a list of people who were involved in the slave trade, and urged members to boycott anyone listed. According to historian Roger Kennedy: {{quote |Those [blacks] who remained in New York soon discovered that until the Manumission Society was organized, things had gotten worse, not better, for blacks. Despite the efforts of Burr, Hamilton, and Jay, the slave importers were busy. There was a 23 percent increase in slaves and a 33 percent increase in slaveholders in New York City in the 1790s.^[5] }}

Beginning in 1785, the Society lobbied for a state law to abolish slavery in New York, as all the other northern states (except New Jersey) had done. Considerable opposition came from the Dutch areas upstate (where slavery was still popular),^[6] as well as from the many businessmen in New York who profited from the slave trade. The two houses passed different emancipation bills and could not reconcile them. Every member of the New York legislature, but one, voted for some form of gradual emancipation, but no agreement could be reached on the civil rights of freedmen afterwards. Success finally came in 1799, when the Society supported a bill which said nothing about such rights. Jay signed this statement into law as governor.^[7]

African Free School

Contrasts to other anti-slavery efforts

The Society was founded to address slavery in the state of New York, while other anti-slavery societies directed their attention to slavery as a national issue. The Quakers of New York petitioned the First Congress (under the Constitution) for the abolition of the slave trade. In addition, Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Abolition Society petitioned for the abolition of slavery in the new nation, while the New York Manumission Society did not act. Hamilton and others felt that Federal action on slavery would endanger the compromise worked out at the Constitutional Convention, and, by extension, would endanger the new United States.^[9]

Legal results

In 1799, an emancipation bill passed, by entirely ignoring the subject of civil rights for freed slaves.^[7]^[10]

New York's 1799 Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery declared that, from July 4 of that year, all children born to slave parents would be free. It also outlawed the exportation of current slaves. However, the Act held the caveat that the children would be subject to apprenticeship. These same children would be required to serve their mother's owner until age twenty-eight for males, and age twenty-five for females. The law defined the children of slaves as a type of indentured servant, while scheduling them for eventual freedom.^[7] The last slaves in New York were emancipated by July 4, 1827; the process was the largest emancipation in North America before 1861.^[11] Thousands of freedmen celebrated with a parade in New York.

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Dorothy |title=New York’s Manumission (Free the Slaves!) Society & Its African Free School, 1785–1849 |website=Education Update Online |url=http://www.educationupdate.com/archives/2005/february/html/Black-Manumission.html |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123105121/http://www.educationupdate.com:80/archives/2005/february/html/Black-Manumission.html |archivedate=2017-11-23 }}
2. ^{{cite web |last=Foner |first=Eric |title=Columbia and Slavery: A Preliminary Report |year=2016 |website=Columbia and Slavery |publisher=Columbia University |url=https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Spreadsheets/PreliminaryReport.pdf |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231337/https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Spreadsheets/PreliminaryReport.pdf |archivedate=2018-06-20 |pages=22–25 }}
3. ^¹{{cite book |last=Chernow |first=Ron |authorlink=Ron Chernow |title=Alexander Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iafgTEhU3QC&pg=PA214 |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0-14-303475-9 |pages=214–215 }}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Peter |title=The American Revolution in New York: Its Political, Social and Economic Significance |year=1926 |page=237 }}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Roger G. |title=Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character |year=2000 |page=92 }}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Parmet |first1=Herbert S. |last2=Hecht |first2=Marie B. |title=Aaron Burr |year=1967 |page=76 }}
7. ^¹²{{cite book |last=McManus |first=Edgar J. |title=History of Negro Slavery in New York |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1968 }}
8. ^New York Historical Society – Manumission (finding aid). New York University Library.
9. ^{{cite book |last=McDonald |first=Forrest |year=1982 |title=Alexander Hamilton: A Biography |page=177 }}
10. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzcj94inkDAC&pg=RA2-PA297 |title=Selected Letters of John Jay and Sarah Livingston Jay |first1=John |last1=Jay |first2=Sarah Livingston |last2=Jay |year=2005 |pages=297-99 }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/JaySlavery.html |title=John Jay and Slavery |last=Sudderth |first=Jake |year=2002 |publisher=Columbia University }}