| 词条 | Ngaanyatjarra |
| 释义 |
| group = Ngaanyatjarra | image = Ngaanyatjarra kids.jpg | caption = Ngaanyatjarra children, 2006 | population = 1,600-2,700 | regions = {{flagcountry|Australia}} {{smaller|(Northern Territory)}} | languages = Ngaanyatjarra, English, Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara | religions = Aboriginal mythology | related = }} The Ngaanyatjarra, also known (along with the Pini) as the Nana,{{efn|"Nana": alternative name, Ngan:adjara.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=249}}}} are an Indigenous Australian cultural group of Western Australia. LanguageNgaanyatjarra is a Western Desert language belonging to the Wati branch of the Pama-Nyungan languages.{{sfn|Kral|2012|p=16}} Ngaanya literally means "this" (that is, the demonstrative pronoun) and -tjarra means "with/having" (the comitative suffix); the compound term means "those that use 'ngaanya' to say 'this'". The neighbouring Ngaatjatjarra use ngaatja for "this". Many Ngaanyatjarra are multilingual, not only speaking English but also a number of other dialects in the area.{{sfn|Kral|2012|pp=16–18}} CountryNgaanyatjarra lands cover roughly 3% of the Australian landscape,{{sfn|Kral|2012|p=14}} a territory as large as that of the United Kingdom. Predominantly desert, they lie 1,000 kilometres away from the two nearest towns of Alice Springs and Kalgoorlie.{{sfn|Brooks|2012|p=1}} The neighbouring tribes are the Martu and the Pitjantjatjara.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=188}} They extend through parts of the North Western and Little Great and Little Sandy Deserts, the southeast Gascoyne region, the Gibson Desert, the Central Central Great Victoria Desert and the Western Central Ranges There are 10 small local centres where the Ngaanyatjarra live include Irrunytju (Wingellina), Papulankutja(Blackstone), Mantumaru(Jameson), Warburton, Wanarn, Warakurna, Tjukurla, Kiwirrkura, Tjirrkarli, Patjarr, Kanpa, Cosmo Newberry.{{sfn|Kral|2012|p=14}} People and societyThe area dwelt by the Ngaanyatjarra people (yarnangu){{sfn|Kral|2012|p=18}} has a record of human habitation going back some 10,000 years.{{sfn|Kral|2012|p=16}} In traditional society, the Ngaanyatjarra comprised numerous bands, usually constituted by a group of a dozen people. Males only reached marriageable age at around 30, after a thorough training and graduation through a complex initiatory system, that transformed tjilku (male children) into wati (men).{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=195}} Passage to this status was marked by the right to wear a red headband, though as post-initiates (tjawarratja) they were still required to dwell apart from the main camp as elders continued to instruct them. Learning the lore required that the initiates had to supply their elders with foodstuffs like meat, a scarce resource in the area. In this sense, the tjukurrpa system also functioned as a cross-generational mode of exacting obedience and an income from the younger men.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=207}} Females entered into wedlock just after the onset of puberty.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=190}} Ceremonial induction consisted of learning to absorb the complex details of tjukurrpa, namely the lore/law of the dreamtime.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|pp=199–208}}{{sfn|Kral|2012|pp=20–24}} The process is graded so that full knowledge only comes after 50 the normal age after which one can begin gain recognition as a wati yirna or tjilpi, a thoroughly knowledgeable elder, though even 60-year-olds can still be denied that recognition.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=195}} The Ngaanyatjarra had a moiety system divided into sun-side (Tjirntulukultul(pa))and shade-side (Ngumpalurrungkatja), with a 6 section classification.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|pp=197–198}} Sun-side
Estimates of the number of Ngaanyatjarra range from 1,600,{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=187}} referring to permanent residents and 2,700, including a more mobile people of Ngaanyatjarra descent,{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=2}} who often visit the area.{{sfn|Kral|2012|p=16}} Though life is generally peaceful, the adaptation to modern society has produced considerable trauma and alienation, as the genealogical continuity of family structures has suffered disruption from numerous accidents or family violence, including sexual abuse and assault, and suicide.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|pp=193–4}} The area is "dry" meaning that the destructive effects of excessive alcoholic consumption are not in evidence throughout their communities, and longevity has been a characteristic of the people.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=188}} However, incarceration rates, predominantly for offences of sexual or domestic violence or reckless driving, are high, 14 times higher than the non-indigenous rate. Ngaanyatjarra councils have lobbied, with some success, to get more police stationed in their areas in order to address the problem.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=192}} History of contactUntil the establishment of the Warburton Mission in 1934 there had been no external agency established on their lands.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=187}} Until the 1960s, contact with the outside world had been sparse and relatively benign, with none of the disruption of displacement from their traditional terrain typically suffered by Aborigines generally.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=208}} The mission sowed the seeds of Christian culture which continues to this day, particularly in the form of charismatic evangelism.{{sfn|Brooks|2013|p=188}} Native titleThe Ngaanyatjarra made a claim to Native title, and on 29 June 2005 their lands were the subject of the largest native title determination in Australian history, according to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Tom Calma{{sfn|NNTT|2005}} when a Federal Court hearing presided by Justice Michael Black ruled on the claim to {{convert|187,000|km2|mi2}} in Western Australia.{{sfn|Black|2005}} See also
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last = Black | first = Michael | author-link = Michael Black (judge) | publisher = National Native Title Tribunal | url = http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Publications/hotspots/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2015/Mervyn%20v%20Western%20Australia.pdf | format = PDF | date = 30 June 2005 | ref = harv }}
| last = Brooks | first = David | year = 2012 | title = Ngaanyatjarra: Art of the Lands | editor1-last = Acker | editor1-first = Tim | editor2-last = Carty | editor2-first = John | publisher = Sussex Academic Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j3aSrHh0VfoC&printsec=frontcover | isbn = 978-1-742-58391-4 | ref = harv }}
| last = Brooks | first = David | year = 2013 | title = Growing Up in Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence | editor-last = Eickelkamp | editor-first = Ute | publisher = Berghahn Books | pages = 183–212 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FXRFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 | isbn = 978-1-782-38127-3 | ref = harv }}
| last = Dousset | first = Laurent | journal = Aboriginal History | year = 2002 | volume = 26 | pages = 1–22 | jstor = 24046045 | ref = harv }}
| last = Kral | first = Inge | year = 2012 | publisher = Multilingual Matters | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wI_VXV3L5rYC&pg=PA50 | isbn = 978-1-847-69759-2 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = Australian Human Rights Commission | url = https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/media-releases/largest-ever-determination-native-title | date = 30 June 2005 | ref = {{harvid|NNTT|2005}} }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/nana.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | ref = harv }}{{refend}} External linksGeneral information on the region:
Arts Organisations Websites:
4 : Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory|Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia|Broome, Western Australia|Goldfields-Esperance |
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