“Nhanda language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Nhanda language

释义

Vocabulary
Phonology
Vowels Consonants
References
Cited references Other references

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}{{Use Australian English|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox language
|name=Nhanda
|states=Australia
|region=Geraldton to Shark Bay area of Western Australia
|ethnicity=Nhanda
|speakers=A "handful"
|date=2001
|ref=aiatsis
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=Pama–Nyungan
|fam2=Kartu?
|dia1=Nhanta
|dia2=Watchandi
|dia3=Amangu
|dia4=? Nanakarti (Nhanhagardi)
|dia5=? Ngukaja / Naaguja
|iso3=nha
|lc1=xnk |ld1=? Nganakarti
|glotto=nhan1238
|glottoname=Nhanda
|aiatsis=W14
|notice=IPA
}}

Nhanda, also rendered Nhanta and Nhandi is an Australian Aboriginal language from the Midwest region of Western Australia, between Geraldton and the Murchison River, from the coast to about {{convert|20|km|mile}} inland. The language is now spoken, or semi-spoken, by only a few people.

While Nhanda is usually considered a member of the Kartu branch of the Pama–Nyungan family,^[1] distinctive features of Nhamda, relative to neighbouring languages have caused some linguists to question this classification,^[2]^[3] and/or classify Nhanda as an isolate.

A controversial hypothesis, first raised by historian Rupert Gerritsen, suggests that the unusual features of Nhanda may result from undocumented language contact during the early modern era, with Dutch – in the form of shipwrecked seafarers stranded in Australia before European settlement had officially begun.^[4] Gerritsen's hypothesis has been rejected by linguist Juliette Blevins,^[5] an authority on Nhanda.

The Yamaji Language Centre has commissioned research on Nhanda since 1992 and has produced an illustrated wordlist and a dictionary (as yet unpublished). Blevins has carried out work since 1993; her published works include a sketch grammar of Nhanda, as well as papers on its phonology and history.

Vocabulary

The Nhanda word for 'man, human being' is arnmanu. It appears that when Norman Tindale collected information on Nhanda (or on the closely related variety thought to have been spoken in Geraldton) he was given this word, which he recorded as 'Amangu' and believed to be the 'tribal name' for this group.

Phonology

Nhanda differs somewhat from its neighbouring languages in that it has a phonemic glottal stop, is initial-dropping (i.e. it has lost many initial consonants, leading to vowel-initial words) and the stop consonants show a phonemic length contrast.

Vowels

Front	Back
High	i iː}}	u uː}}
Low	{{IPA\|a aː}}

Consonants

	Peripheral		Laminal		Apical		Glottal
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Glottal
Stop	p}}	k}}	c}}	t̪}}	t}}	ʈ}}	ʔ}}
Nasal	m}}	ŋ}}	ɲ}}	n̪}}	n}}	ɳ}}
Lateral	ʎ}}	l̪}}	l}}	ɭ}}
Rhotic	r}}	ɻ}}
Semivowel	{{IPA\|w}}		j}}

References

Cited references

1. ^Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Blevins|first=Juliette|date=December 1999|title=Nhanta and its position within Pama–Nyungan|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=38|issue=2|pages=297–320|doi=10.2307/3623295|jstor=3623295|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}
3. ^Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
4. ^{{cite book |last=Gerristen |first=Rupert |year=1994 |title=And their ghosts may be heard |location=Fremantle |publisher=Fremantle Arts Centre Press}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |year=1998 |title=A Dutch influence on Nhanda? Wanyjidaga innga! |journal=Journal of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |pages=43–46}}

Other references

{{cite journal |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |author2=Marmion, Doug |year=1994 |title=Nhanta historical phonology |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=193–216 |doi=10.1080/07268609408599509}}
{{cite journal |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |author2=Marmion, Doug |year=1995 |title=Nhanta glottal stop |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=34 |pages=139–160 |doi=10.2307/3623116 |jstor=3623116 |issue=1 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}
{{cite book |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |year=2001 |title= Nhanda: An aboriginal language of Western Australia |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}

2 : Kartu languages|Extinct languages of Western Australia

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