| 词条 | Nickel(II) oxide |
| 释义 |
| verifiedrevid = 442344985 | Name = Nickel(II) oxide | ImageFile = Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png | ImageName = Nickel(II) oxide | ImageFile2 = Oxid nikelnatý.PNG | ImageName2 = Nickel(II) oxide | IUPACName = Nickel(II) oxide | OtherNames = Nickel monoxide Oxonickel |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 1313-99-1 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNoOther = | PubChem = 14805 | RTECS = QR8400000 |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = NiO | MolarMass = 74.6928 g/mol | Appearance = green crystalline solid | Density = 6.67 g/cm3 | Solubility = negligible | SolubleOther = soluble in KCN | MeltingPtC = 1955 | BoilingPt = | RefractIndex = 2.1818 | MagSus = +660.0·10−6 cm3/mol }} |Section3={{Chembox Structure | Coordination = | CrystalStruct = | Dipole = |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = -240.0 kJ/mol}} |Section7={{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS = JT Baker | EUClass = Carc. Cat. 1 Toxic (T) | RPhrases = | SPhrases = | NFPA_ref = [1] | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-S = | FlashPt = Non-flammable | LD50 = | LDLo = 5000 mg/kg (rat, oral)[2] |Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = Nickel(II) selenide Nickel(II) telluride | OtherCations = Palladium(II) oxide | OtherCompounds = }}Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula {{chem|Ni|O}}. It is notable as being the only well-characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, {{chem|Ni|2|O|3}} and {{chem|Ni|O|2}} have been claimed[3]). The mineralogical form of {{chem|Ni|O}}, bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.[4] Production{{chem|Ni|O}} can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give {{chem|Ni|O}}. In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel powder and water at 1000 °C, the rate for this reaction can be increased by the addition of {{chem|Ni|O}}.[5] The simplest and most successful method of preparation is through pyrolysis of a nickel(II) compounds such as the hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate, which yield a light green powder.[3] Synthesis from the elements by heating the metal in oxygen can yield grey to black powders which indicates nonstoichiometry.[3]Structure{{chem|Ni|O}} adopts the {{chem|Na|Cl}} structure, with octahedral Ni2+ and O2− sites. The conceptually simple structure is commonly known as the rock salt structure. Like many other binary metal oxides, {{chem|Ni|O}} is often non-stoichiometric, meaning that the Ni:O ratio deviates from 1:1. In nickel oxide this non-stoichiometry is accompanied by a color change, with the stoichiometrically correct NiO being green and the non-stoichiometric {{chem|Ni|O}} being black.Applications and reactions{{chem|Ni|O}} has a variety of specialized applications and generally applications distinguish between "chemical grade", which is relatively pure material for specialty applications, and "metallurgical grade", which is mainly used for the production of alloys. It is used in the ceramic industry to make frits, ferrites, and porcelain glazes. The sintered oxide is used to produce nickel steel alloys. Charles Édouard Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nickel steel alloys which he called invar and elinvar.{{chem|Ni|O}} was also a component in the nickel-iron battery, also known as the Edison Battery, and is a component in fuel cells. It is the precursor to many nickel salts, for use as specialty chemicals and catalysts. More recently, {{chem|Ni|O}} was used to make the NiCd rechargeable batteries found in many electronic devices until the development of the environmentally superior NiMH battery.[5] {{chem|Ni|O}} an anodic electrochromic material, have been widely studied as counter electrodes with tungsten oxide, cathodic electrochromic material, in complementary electrochromic devices.About 4000 tons of chemical grade {{chem|Ni|O}} are produced annually.[4] Black {{chem|Ni|O}} is the precursor to nickel salts, which arise by treatment with mineral acids. {{chem|Ni|O}} is a versatile hydrogenation catalyst. Heating nickel oxide with either hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide reduces it to metallic nickel. It combines with the oxides of sodium and potassium at high temperatures (>700 °C) to form the corresponding nickelate.[5] Nickel oxide reacts with chromium(III) oxide in a basic moist environment to form nickel chromate:{{citation needed|date=May 2010}} 2 {{chem|Cr|2|O|3}} + 4 {{chem|Ni|O}} + 3 {{chem|O|2}} → 4 {{chem|Ni|Cr|O|4}} NiO is useful to describe the failure of the density functional theory (with local density approximations) and Hatree-Fock theory to account for the strong-correlation. The term strong correlation refers to behavior of electrons in solids that is not well-described (often not even in a qualitatively correct manner) by simple one-electron theories such as the local-density approximation (LDA) of density-functional theory or Hartree–Fock theory. For instance, the seemingly simple material NiO has a partially filled 3d-band (the Ni atom has 8 of 10 possible 3d-electrons) and therefore would be expected to be a good conductor. However, strong Coulomb repulsion (a correlation effect) between d-electrons makes NiO instead a wide-band gap insulator. Thus, strongly correlated materials have electronic structures that are neither simply free-electron-like nor completely ionic, but a mixture of both. Health RisksLong-term inhalation of NiO is damaging to the lungs, causing lesions and in some cases cancer.[6] The calculated half-life of dissolution of NiO in blood is more than 90 days.[7] NiO has a long retention half-time in the lungs; after administration to rodents, it persisted in the lungs for more than 3 months.[8][7] Nickel oxide is classified as a human carcinogen[9][10][11][12][13][14] based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers.[15] In a 2-year National Toxicology Program green NiO inhalation study, some evidence of carcinogenicity in F344/N rats but equivocal evidence in female B6C3F1 mice were observed; there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male B6C3F1 mice.[9] Chronic inflammation without fibrosis was observed in the 2-year studies. References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nwmissouri.edu/naturalsciences/sds/n/Nickel%20II%20oxide.pdf |title=Safety Data Sheet |website=Northwest Missouri State University}} 2. ^{{IDLH|7440020|Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)}} 3. ^1 2 {{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=1336–37}} 4. ^1 K. Lascelles, L. G. Morgan, D. Nicholls, D. Beyersmann “Nickel Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. 5. ^1 2 "Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals", Pradniak, Pradyot; McGraw-Hill Publications,2002 6. ^"Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide", U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, No. 451, 07/1996 7. ^1 English, J.C., Parker, R.D.R., Sharma, R.P. & Oberg, S.G. (1981). Toxicokinetics of nickel in rats after intratracheal administration of a soluble and insoluble form. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 42(7):486-492. 8. ^Benson, J.M., Barr, E.B., Bechtold, W.E., Cheng, Y-S., Dunnick, J.K., Eastin, W.E., Hobbs, C.H., Kennedy, C.H. & Maples, K.R. (1994). Fate of inhaled nickel oxide and nickel subsulfie in F344/N rats. Inhal Toxicol 6(2):167-183. 9. ^1 National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1996). Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nickel Oxide (CAS No. 1313-99-1) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (inhalation studies) US DHHS. NTP TR 451. NIH Publication No.96-3367. 10. ^Sunderman, F.W., Hopfer, S.M., Knight, J.A., Mccully, K.S., Cecutti, A.G., Thornhill, P.G., Conway, K., Miller, C., Patierno, S.R. & Costa, M. (1987). Physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of nickel oxides. Carcinogenesis 8(2):305-313. 11. ^IARC (2012). “Nickel and nickel compounds” IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, Volume 100C: 169-218. (https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C-10.pdf). 12. ^Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures, Amending and Repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 [OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p. 1]. Annex VI. www.eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R1272 Accessed July 13, 2017. 13. ^[https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev05/English/ST-SG-AC10-30-REv5e.pdf Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Fifth revised edition, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2013. PDF unece.org] Accessed July 13, 2017. 14. ^NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2016. “Report on Carcinogens”, 14th Edition.; Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html Accessed July 13, 2017. 15. ^International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man (ICNCM). (1990). Report of the International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenesis in Man. Scan. J. Work Environ. Health. 16(1): 1-82. External links
5 : Oxides|Nickel compounds|Non-stoichiometric compounds|IARC Group 1 carcinogens|Hydrogenation catalysts |
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