| 词条 | Nikolay Dollezhal |
| 释义 |
|name = Nikolay Dollezhal |image = |image_size = |alt = |caption = |birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|27 October|1899|15 October}} |birth_place = Zaporizhia Oblast, Russian Empire, Present-day Ukraine |death_date = {{death date and age|2000|11|20|1899|10|27|df=yes}} |death_place = Moscow, Russia |residence = |citizenship = Soviet Union Russia |nationality = Soviet Ukrainian Russian |ethnicity = Russian Jewish |field = Mechanical Engineering |workplaces = Institute of Chemical Physics Moscow State University Sternberg Astronomical Institute |alma_mater = Bauman Moscow State Technical University |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for =Soviet atomic bomb project Founder of the RBMK type nuclear reactor nuclear marine propulsion |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = Order of Merit for the Fatherland Hero of Socialist Labour |signature = |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} Nikolay Antonovich Dollezhal ({{lang-ru|Николай Антонович Доллежа́ль}}; {{OldStyleDate|27 October|1899|15 October}} – 20 November 2000[1])[2] was a Soviet mechanical engineer, a key figure in Soviet atomic bomb project and chief designer of nuclear reactors from the first plutonium production reactor to the RBMK. Born in Omelnik, Zaporizhia Oblast, Dollezhal graduated MVTU in 1923.[3] Until 1930, he worked in various design bureaus, but after a tour of Europe in 1929 he was arrested and spent a year and a half in prison, before being acquitted in January 1932. In 1932-1943 he headed important manufacturing plants in Kiev, Leningrad and Sverdlovsk. In 1943, Dollezhal was appointed to lead the new Institute of Chemical Machinery in Moscow. In 1946, the Institute was assigned to the Soviet atomic project; his first reactors, graphite moderated types A and AI, produced Soviet plutonium used in Joe 1 nuclear test of 1949 and subsequent nuclear weapons deployment. After 1950, Dollezhal focused on nuclear marine propulsion. His first proposal, Type AM, was not practical for marine uses but became the core of the first nuclear power plant in Obninsk, commissioned in 1954. In the same year, he produced a viable draft of a light water submarine reactor. Dollezhal pioneered the concept of the pressurized water reactor, which led to numerous military and VVER-type civilian designs. In 1957 Dollezhal Institute launched their first dual-use (civilian energy and weapons-grade plutonium) powerplant, Type EI, and seven years later, the first truly industrial Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station. All subsequent Soviet reactors (VVER, RBMK) also originated from his firm. Honours and awards
References1. ^Могила Н. А. Доллежаля на кладбище села Козино 2. ^{{cite web|title=Nikolay A. Dollezhal |work=Brief History |publisher=N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering |url=http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/history/dollezh.html |accessdate=2008-05-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810010415/http://www.nikiet.ru/eng/history/dollezh.html |archivedate=10 August 2008 }} 3. ^МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана «Выпускники и выдающиеся деятели Университета» Further reading
17 : 1899 births|2000 deaths|Soviet nuclear physicists|Russian centenarians|Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union|Soviet physicists|20th-century physicists|Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni|Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences|Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Heroes of Socialist Labour|Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class|Lenin Prize winners|Stalin Prize winners|Recipients of the USSR State Prize|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Russian inventors |
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