| 词条 | Nishi Hongan-ji |
| 释义 |
| name = Nishi Hongan-ji 西本願寺 | native_name = | image = 170216 Nishi Honganji Kyoto Japan03s4.jpg | alt = | caption = Amidadō and Goeidō (National Treasure of Japan) | map_type = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | location = 60 Horikawa-dōri Hanaya-chō Kudaru Honganji Monzen-machi, Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture | coordinates = | religious_affiliation = Jōdo Shinshū | deity = Amida Nyorai (Amitābha) | country = Japan | functional_status = | website = http://www.hongwanji.or.jp/english/ | founded_by = Honganji Kennyo | year_completed = 1591 }}{{nihongo|Nishi Hongan-ji|西本願寺|}} is a Jōdo Shinshū buddhist temple in the Shimogyō ward of Kyoto, Japan. It is one of two Jōdo Shinshū temple complexes in Kyoto, the other being Higashi Hongan-ji. Jōdo Shinshū is a school of Pure Land Buddhism, and today Nishi Hongan-ji serves as the head temple of the organization. Established in its current location in 1591, the origin of the temple goes back to the 14th century. Many of its building have survived from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo period, making it a great example of the architecture from that period. A total of seven Nishi Hongan-ji structures have been designated National Treasures in three different categories: the karamon, Goeidō and Amida hall (temple buildings), the Flying Cloud Pavilion, shoin and the Black study hall, including the Denrō gallery (residences) and the north Noh stage (miscellaneous structure). Nishi Hongan-ji is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto, since 1994. HistoryThe original Hongan-ji was established as a temple in 1321, on the site of the Otani Mausoleum, where Shinran, the founder of the Jōdo Shinshū ("True Pure Land") was buried. The mausoleum was attended by Shinran's grandson (through daughter Kakushinni), Kakue.[1] Kakue's own son, Kakunyo, became the first chief priest of the Hongan-ji and third monshu (spiritual leader), and dedicated it to the worship of Amitābha (Amida). The Hongan-ji first gained power and importance in the 15th century, when Rennyo became its eighth monshu. However, the Tendai based on Mount Hiei saw this expansion as a threat and attacked the Hongan-ji three times with their army of sōhei. Rennyo fled to Yoshizaki-gobō, where he established a new temple compound. During the Sengoku period, fearing the power of the monks of the Hongan-ji, Oda Nobunaga tried to destroy it. For ten years, he laid siege to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji in Osaka, one of the two primary temple fortresses of the sect. In 1580, the abbot of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, Kennyo, surrendered, while his son Kyōnyo refused to surrender, for which he was publicly disowned.[2] After the death of Nobunaga in 1582 and the ascent of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Kennyo was rewarded for his opposition to Nobunaga by being granted land in Kyoto, at the site of modern-day Nishi Hongan-ji (西本願寺, "Western Hongan-ji"; sometimes called the Honpa Hongan-ji 本派本願寺). He was succeeded by his legitimate son, Junnyo, as abbot in 1592. While his brother Kyōnyo re-established the Osaka Hongan-ji in 1596 with local support, owing to his refusal to surrender to Nobunaga earlier. After the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, Kyōnyo openly supported Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became shōgun in 1602. In reward for his loyalty, Kyōnyo was rewarded with land for a temple in Kyoto to the east of Nishi Honganji, which then became known in 1603 as Higashi Honganji (東本願寺 "Eastern Hongan-ji"). In 1619 the government recognized the two entities as separate congregations. It is popularly believed, however mistakenly, that the institution was split in two in order to maintain control of the order.[3][4] In 1994 Nishi Hongan-ji was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto . ArchitectureNishi Hongan-ji occupies almost all of a rectangular area bounded by Hanayachō-dōri (Hanayachō Street) to the north, Horikawa-dōri (Horikawa Street) to the east,{{Ref|A|A}} Shichijō-dōri (Shichijō Street) to the south, and Shichijō-dōri (Omiya Street) to the west. The main entrance to Nishi Hongan-ji is to the east on Horikawa-dōri. As the name of the temple implies, it is located to the west of Higashi Hongan-ji. Nishi Hongan-ji is older than the latter and has a more integral architecture.[5] KaramonThe {{nihongo|karamon|唐門}} gate of Nishi Hongan-ji was originally built for Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Fushimi castle, probably around 1598. After the castle was dismantled, it was moved to Nishi Hongan-ji in 1632 for a planned visit of Tokugawa Iemitsu to the temple.[6] It is designated a National Treasure, one of six such a structures to hold this distinction. It is constructed as a four-legged gate with karahafu gables of undulating curves on the front and back.[7] It has a roof in the irimoya style, a style of hip roof sloping down on all four sides and integrated on two opposing sides with a gable.[8] The roof is covered by bark shingles made from hinoki cypress. It is also known as the Higurashi no Mon ("all day gate"),[9][10] due to the high number and quality of the carving that decorate the gate, including images of flowers, animals and fantastic figures. One of the panels shows the legendary chinese hermit Xu You beside a waterfall, "washing from his ear an offensive proposal from the Emperor Yao". Another one shows a farmer cleaning his ox, "expressing anger at the pollution of the stream".[11] The last two times the gate was opened and visitors were allowed to walk through it were in 1983, during a rite related to the founder of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism Shinran, and in 2017, prior to the renovation of the gate in 2018.[12] It is also used for occasional visits of the Imperial Family. GoeidōThe {{nihongo|goeidō|御影堂}} or "Founder's Hall" was rebuilt in 1636, following the destruction of the previous main halls by an earthquake in 1596 and a fire in 1617. It is designated a National Treasure.[10] The building, single-storied, with a hongawarabuki roof,[13] a tile roof composed of flat broad concave tiles and semi-cylindrical convex tiles covering the seams of the former, on the irimoya style. It measures 62 by 48 metres, with a height on 29 metres.[10] A wooden image of Shinran is enshrined in the central altar, with portraits of the successive head priests (monshu) on display alongside. Major ceremonies conducted at Nishi Hongan-ji are usually conducted at this building.[10] See also
FootnotesA.{{Note|A}}The defunct hanamachi courtesan's district of Shimabara is located directly to the west of the north side of Nishi Hongan-ji along Hanayachō-dōri. References1. ^{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404122141/http://www.hongwanji.or.jp/english/history.html |title=History of Nishi Hongan-ji |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Hongwanji |access-date=2018-09-29 |quote=}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137242947|title=Foundation of Japanese Buddhism. Vol. II, The mass movement (Kamakura & Muromachi periods)|last=Alicia.|first=Matsunaga,|date=1993|publisher=Buddhist Books International|others=Matsunaga, Daigan.|year=|isbn=0914910280|location=Los Angeles|pages=123-4|oclc=137242947}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%AC%E6%B4%BE%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA-632494|title=Hompa honganji|website=Kotobank|publisher=Asahi Shimbun|access-date=2017-10-12|editor=Digital Daijisen}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137242947|title=Foundation of Japanese Buddhism. Vol. II, The mass movement (Kamakura & Muromachi periods)|last=Alicia.|first=Matsunaga,|date=1993|publisher=Buddhist Books International|others=Matsunaga, Daigan.|year=|isbn=0914910280|location=Los Angeles|pages=124-5|oclc=137242947}} 5. ^Popular Buddhism In Japan: Shin Buddhist Religion & Culture by Esben Andreasen, pp. 11, 38-39, 105 / University of Hawaii Press 1998, {{ISBN|0-8248-2028-2}} 6. ^Kirby, John B. (1962). From Castle to Teahouse: Japanese Architecture of the Momoyama Period. pp. 78. 7. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title = Karahafu (唐破風) | encyclopedia = JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | editor-last = Parent | editor-first = Mary Neighbour | place = Tokyo | publisher = Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | date = 2001 | url = http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/karahafu.htm | accessdate = 2018-09-29 | oclc= 318091406}} 8. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title = Irimoya-zukuri (入母屋造) | encyclopedia = JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | editor-last = Parent | editor-first = Mary Neighbour | place = Tokyo | publisher = Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | date = 2001 | url = http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/i/irimoyazukuri.htm | accessdate = 2018-09-29 | oclc= 318091406}} 9. ^Kirby, John B. (1962). From Castle to Teahouse: Japanese Architecture of the Momoyama Period. pp. 78. 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.hongwanji.or.jp/english/hongwanji/architect.html#ken03 |title=Architecture of Nishi Hongan-ji |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Hongwanji |access-date=2018-09-29 |quote=}} 11. ^Kirby, John B. (1962). From Castle to Teahouse: Japanese Architecture of the Momoyama Period. pp. 78. 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/21/national/social-issues/nishi-honganji-temple-opens-decorative-gate-first-time-decades/#.W6-CHS4iLIU |title=Nishi Honganji Temple opens decorative gate for first time in decades |author= |date= |website= |publisher=The Japan Times |access-date=2018-09-29 |quote=}} 13. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title = Hongawarabuki (本瓦葺) | encyclopedia = JAANUS: Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | editor-last = Parent | editor-first = Mary Neighbour | place = Tokyo | publisher = Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System | date = 2001 | url = http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hongawarabuki.htm | accessdate = 2018-09-29 | oclc= 318091406}} Bibliography{{Commons category|Nishi Hongwanji|Nishi Hongan-ji}}{{refbegin}}
11 : Buddhism in Japan|Jōdo Shinshū|1270s establishments in Japan|1272 establishments in Asia|National Treasures of Japan|Buddhist temples in Kyoto|Pure Land temples|Important Cultural Properties of Japan|World Heritage Sites in Japan|Historic Sites of Japan|13th-century Buddhist temples |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。