| 词条 | NLM CityHopper Flight 431 |
| 释义 |
|name = NLM CityHopper Flight 431 |occurrence_type = Accident |image = De trap naar het viaduct waarnaast het vliegtuig neerkwam ligt nog vol met broks, Bestanddeelnr 931-7303.jpg |image_size = 250 |alt = |caption = The crash site of NLM Flight 431 |date = 6 October 1981 |type = Structural failure in severe turbulence[1]{{rp|183}} |site = near Moerdijk,Netherlands |coordinates = {{coord|51|42|N|4|31|E|display=it|type:event}} |aircraft_type = Fokker F-28-4000 |aircraft_name = Eindhoven |operator = NLM CityHopper |tail_number = PH-CHI |origin = Rotterdam Airport |stopover = Eindhoven Airport |stopover0 = |stopover1 = |stopover2 = |stopover3 = |last_stopover = |destination = Hamburg Airport |passengers = 13 |crew = 4 |injuries = |fatalities = 17 |survivors = 0 }}NLM CityHopper Flight 431 refers to a Fokker F-28-4000, registration PH-CHI, that was due to operate an international scheduled Rotterdam–Eindhoven–Hamburg passenger service. On 6 October 1981, the aircraft encountered severe weather on the first leg, minutes after taking off from Rotterdam Airport, and crashed {{convert|15|mi}} south-southeast of Rotterdam. All 17 occupants of the aircraft – 13 passengers and crew of 4 – perished in the accident.[1]{{rp|183}}[1] AircraftThe aircraft involved in the accident was a Fokker F28-4000, registration PH-CHI, that was built in 1979 with c/n 1141. At the time of the accident the airframe had accumulated 4,485 flight hours and 5,997 cycles.[1] Description of the accidentDuring the weather briefing 44 minutes before takeoff, the crew was apprised to an area of strong thunderstorms with 3/8 (37.5%) sky coverage of cumulonimbus at a base of {{convert|1200|ft}}, south-southwest winds {{convert|15|to|25|kn}} strong, and {{convert|5|km}} visibility at Rotterdam Airport.[1] The aircraft took off at 5:04 p.m. CET (UTC +1) from Rotterdam Airport.[1] The crew noted heavy rain in thunderstorms on the airplane's weather avoidance radar at 5:09 p.m., receiving clearance to avoid the area.[1] At 5:12 p.m. the aircraft entered a tornado while flying through clouds.[1] The weather system the aircraft entered into was apparently the same "tornado-like" system that Zeeland locals described as being responsible for considerable property damage.[9] Meteorologically, these vortices are indeed tornadoes, and the disintegrating airliner was seen exiting cloud cover. A police officer first photographed the tornado, then smoke from the burning plane a few minutes later. An investigation concluded that a sharp increase in altitude registered on the altimeter was not a change in altitude, rather a pressure drop associated with the tornado.[2][3] Stresses experienced by the airframe owing to severe turbulence (due to a "downburst" or "mircroburst" of a few seconds)[4] resulted in loads of +6.8 g and −3.2 g causing the starboard wing to detach.[1] The Fellowship was designed for a maximum G-load of up to 4 g.[5] The aircraft spun down into the ground from {{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, crashing some {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} from a Shell chemical plant on the southeastern outskirts of Moerdijk.[9] All 17 occupants of the aircraft perished in the accident.[1]. While observing the unfolding incident from the ground, a firefighter suffered a fatal cardiac arrest.[6] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{ASN accident|id= 19811006-0|accessdate= 14 November 2011}} [7][8]2. ^{{cite book |last = Grazulis |first = Thomas P. |authorlink = Thomas P. Grazulis |title = The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm |publisher = University of Oklahoma Press |year = 2001 |location = Norman, OK |pages = 260–1 |isbn = 0-8061-3258-2 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |last = Roach |first = W.T. |author2=J. Findlater |title = An Aircraft Encounter with a Tornado |journal = Meteorological Magazine |volume = 112 |issue = 1327 |pages = 29–49 |publisher = Meteorological Office |location = London |date = February 1983 }} 4. ^http://www.zero-meridean.nl/c_moerdijk_061081.html 5. ^http://www.zero-meridean.nl/c_moerdijk_061081.html 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/eindhoven.htm |title=F.28 Fellowship verongelukt bij Moerdijk |language=Dutch |trans-title=F.28 Fellowship crash at Moerdijk |last=van Tuyl |first=Johan |work=AVIACRASH.NL |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519210643/http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/eindhoven.htm |archivedate=2006-05-19 |accessdate=2018-10-27 }} 7. ^1 2 {{flatlist}}*{{allow wrap|{{cite journal|title= Commercial flight safety: 1981 reviewed|first= David|last= Learmount|journal= Flight International|issn= 0015-3710|volume= 121|number= 3794|date= 23 January 1982|page= 183|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200185.html|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150122192827/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200185.html|archivedate= 22 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} }}*{{allow wrap|{{cite journal|title= Commercial flight safety: 1981 reviewed|journal= Flight International|page= 184|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200186.html|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150122193242/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200186.html|archivedate= 22 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} }}*{{allow wrap|{{cite journal|title= Commercial flight safety: 1981 reviewed|journal= Flight International|page= 185|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200187.html|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150122193457/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200187.html|archivedate= 22 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} }}*{{allow wrap|{{cite journal|title= Commercial flight safety: 1981 reviewed|journal= Flight International|page= 186|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200188.html|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150122193643/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%200188.html|archivedate= 22 January 2015|df= dmy-all}} }}{{endflatlist}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title= F.28 crashes in bad weather|journal= Flight International|date= 17 October 1981|page= 1127|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%203215.html|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6IUALNrgZ?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%203215.html|archivedate= 30 July 2013|deadurl= yes|df= dmy-all}} }} External links{{Commons category|NLM CityHopper Flight 431}}
11 : Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure|Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather|Aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands|Aviation accidents and incidents in 1981|Accidents and incidents involving the Fokker F28|NLM CityHopper accidents and incidents|1981 meteorology|Deaths in tornadoes|History of North Brabant|Moerdijk|October 1981 events in Europe |
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