“Noble v Alley”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Noble and Wolf v Alley [1951] S.C.R. 64 is a famous Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court struck down a restrictive covenant that restricted ownership of a section of land to "persons of the white or Caucasian race".

Case history

In 1933, Annie Noble had purchased a lot for a cottage in the Beach O' Pines area on Lake Huron. She decided in 1948 to sell the lot to Bernard Wolf, however, it was noticed that the original deed contained the following clause:

Though Wolf was Jewish, Noble still wanted to sell him the land and so they applied to the court to get the covenant nullified, but faced opposition from the "Pines" community.

Noble and Wolf cited the recent decision of Re Drummond Wren,^[1] where the Ontario Court struck down a discriminatory covenant. However, at trial and on appeal the courts upheld the restriction.

The Supreme Court, in a six to one ruling, held that the covenant was invalid. They agreed with the lower court's dismissal of Drummond Wren and instead looked at the law of restrictive covenants and held that the language used in the restriction on alienation was too uncertain. As Rand J explained in his judgment, such covenants would need to comply with the rule expressed in Tulk v Moxhay,^[2] in that they "should touch or concern the land as contradistinguished from a collateral effect."^[3] As the covenant in this case was "directed not to the land or to some mode of its use, but to transfer by act of the purchaser,"^[4] it had to fail in that it was "impossible to set such limits to the lines of race or blood as would enable a court to say in all cases whether a proposed purchaser is or is not within the ban."^[5]

Impact

While the case went through the courts, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an Act that declared such restrictive covenants to be "void and of no effect," but it only applied to ones created on or after March 24, 1950, its date of Royal assent.^[6]

While the covenants in the deeds constituting the community at Beach O' Pines were held to be ineffective, others created before the amendment (as long as they complied with Tulk v Moxhay) were still considered to be valid, as the Ontario Court of Appeal stated that they did not offend public policy.^[7]

See also

Shelley v. Kraemer, an analogous case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1948.

References

1. ^{{cite CanLII|litigants=Re Drummond Wren|link=Re Drummond Wren|year=1945|court=onsc|num=80|format=canlii|parallelcite=[1945] OR 778|date=1945-10-31|courtname=auto|juris=}}
2. ^{{cite CommonLII|litigants=Tulk v Moxhay|link=Tulk v Moxhay|reporter=ER|year=1848|num=1005|volume=50|firstpage=937|pinpoint=|parallelcite=11 Beav 571, [1848] EWHC Ch J34|date=22 December 1848}}
3. ^SCC, p. 69
4. ^SCC, p. 69
5. ^SCC, p. 70, relying on Clayton v Ramsden, [1943] AC 320, and {{cite CommonLII|litigants=Clavering v. Ellison|link=|reporter=ER|year=1859|num=919|volume=11|firstpage=282|pinpoint=|parallelcite=7 HL 707|date=10 August 1859|courtname=|juris=}}
6. ^{{Cite canlaw|short title =The Conveyancing and Law of Property Amendment Act, 1950|abbr =S.O.|year =1950|chapter = 11|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1950onta#page/56/mode/2up}}
7. ^{{cite news |last= Aaron|first= Bob|date= March 3, 2001|title= Why racist restrictions no longer apply in land deals|url= http://www.aaron.ca/columns/2001-03-03.htm|newspaper= Toronto Star }}

External links