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词条 Nocardiaceae
释义

  1. Genomics

  2. Pathogenic capacity

  3. Environmental effects

      Wastewater foaming    Bioremediation of hydrocarbons  

  4. Nomenclature changes

  5. References

{{Taxobox
| image= Nocardia asteroides.png
| image_caption=Nocardia asteroides colonies
| domain = Bacteria
| phylum = Actinobacteria
| classis = Actinobacteria
| ordo = Actinomycetales
| subordo = Corynebacterineae
| familia = Nocardiaceae
| familia_authority = Garrity et al. 2001
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =Nocardia
Rhodococcus
Smaragdicoccus

Micropolyspora (now defunct)


}}

The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that are commonly found in soil and water.[1] Members of this family have been isolated from Antarctic soils.[2] Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms,[3] and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.[4]

Genomics

The Nocardiaceae form a monophyletic clade within the Corynebacteriales in both 16S rRNA and protein-based phylogenetic trees.[5][6] A number of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins have been identified which are uniquely found in the genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus, supporting a close relationship between the two genera.[6] Recent proposals have been made, based on 16S rRNA signature nucleotides and chemotaxonomic markers, to add the genera Gordonia, Skermania, Williamsia, Millisia, and Smaragdicoccus to the family Nocardiaceae.[5][7] However, no conserved signature indels or proteins have been found that are commonly shared by Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Gordonia, the fully sequenced members of the proposed Nocardiaceae revision.[6]

Pathogenic capacity

Some species colonize animals, and members of the Nocardia and Rhodococcus genera can cause infection in humans and livestock.[8] Many members of this family integrate mycolic acids into their cell wall, and as a result, Nocardia spp. may be mistaken for mycobacteria when viewed under a microscope following an acid-fast stain.[9]

Environmental effects

Wastewater foaming

Nocardia species are often responsible for the accumulation of foam that occurs in activated sludge during sewage treatment.[4][10][11][12] Biological foaming can be problematic for the water treatment process, and foam accumulation is reduced by adding surfactants to the wastewater.[13][14]

Bioremediation of hydrocarbons

Soil Nocardiaceae can degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum distillates) and have been proposed as bioremediation agents for environmental spills.[15]

Nomenclature changes

In the 1980s, all Nocardiaceae species assigned to the genus Micropolyspora were transferred to the genera Nocardia or Nonomuraea in family Streptosporangiaceae, or Saccharopolyspora in family Pseudonocardiaceae.[16] This effectively ended the official status of this genus, but the name persists in older research articles.

References

1. ^Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. and N.L. Ward-Rainey. 1997. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47:479-491.
2. ^Aislabie, J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VKtCnLa5uaYC&pg=PA257 Ecosystems Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes]. "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated soils near Scott Base, Antarctica." Page 257.
3. ^Kulich, S.M. and W.A. Pasculle. Final Diagnosis - Pneumonia, Hilar Lymphadenitis and Sepsis Secondary to Rhodococcus equi. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
4. ^1 Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPxB95pT1WwC&pg=PA229&dq=nocardiaceae+branching&ei=F5kaR_bWFo7wpwKd5Zm4CQ&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=RNVnfms4CqDuShk1uNP0R48pK20#PPA229,M1 page 229].
5. ^1 {{Cite book | last1 = Ludwig | first1 = W. | last2 = Euzéby | first2 = J. | last3 = Schumann | first3 = P. | last4 = Busse | first4 = H. J. R. | last5 = Trujillo | first5 = M. E. | last6 = Kämpfer | first6 = P. | last7 = Whitman | first7 = W. B. | chapter = Road map of the phylum Actinobacteria | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68233-4_1 | title = Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology | pages = 1 | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-387-95043-3 | pmid = | pmc = }}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Gao | first1 = B. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = R. S. | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.05011-11 | title = Phylogenetic Framework and Molecular Signatures for the Main Clades of the Phylum Actinobacteria | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–112 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22390973| pmc =3294427 }}
7. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhi | first1 = X. -Y. | last2 = Li | first2 = W. -J. | last3 = Stackebrandt | first3 = E. | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0 | title = An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 589–608 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19244447| pmc = }}
8. ^Castellani, A. and A.J. Chalmers. 1919. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed., Williams Wood and Co., New York, p. 1040.
9. ^Nocardia: a serious matter for cows. Presentation images from: aids-images.ch. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
10. ^Blackall, L.L., Tandoi, V., Jenkins, D. 1991. Continuous culture studies with Nocardia amarae from activated sludge and their implications for Nocardia foaming control. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 63:44-50.
11. ^Pitt, P., and D. Jenkins. 1990. Causes and Control of Nocardia in Activated Sludge. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 62:143-150.
12. ^Blackall, L.L. 1994. Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes. Water Sci. Technol. 29:35-44.
13. ^Shao, Y.J., Starr, M., Kaporis, K., Kim, H.S., Jenkins, D. 1997. Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems. Water Enviro. Res., 69:25-27.
14. ^Ho, C.F., Jenkins, D. 1991 Effect of surfactants on Nocardia foaming in activated sludge. Water Sci. Tech. 23:879-887.
15. ^Aislabie, J., McLeod, M., and R. Fraser. Potential for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil from the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:210-214.
16. ^{{lpsn|m/micropolyspora.html|Micropolyspora}}
{{Bacteria classification}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q141145}}

2 : Corynebacterineae|Bacteria families
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