词条 | No Longer Human |
释义 |
| name = No Longer Human | title_orig = 人間失格 | translator = Donald Keene | image = No Longer Human (Osamu Dazai novel) cover.jpg | caption = | author = Osamu Dazai | illustrator = | cover_artist = Rodrigo Corral | country = Japan | language = Japanese, English | series = | genre = Short novel | publisher = New Directions | release_date = 1948 (English translation 1958) | media_type = Print (paperback) | pages = 177 | isbn = 978-0-8112-0481-1 | preceded_by = A Cherry | followed_by = Goodbye }}{{nihongo|No Longer Human|人間失格|Ningen Shikkaku}} is a Japanese novel by Osamu Dazai. Published after Run Melos and The Setting Sun, No Longer Human is considered Dazai's masterpiece and ranks as the second-best selling novel in Japan, behind Natsume Sōseki's Kokoro.[1] The literal translation of the title, discussed by Donald Keene in his preface to the English translation, is "Disqualified from Being Human". (The Italian translation was titled Lo squalificato, The Disqualified.) This novel, despite being serialized as a work of fiction in 1948, is narrated in the first person and contains several elements which betray an autobiographical basis, such as suicide—a recurring theme in the author's life. Many also believe the book to have been his will, as he took his own life shortly after the last part of the book was published, on June 13, 1948. One modern analyst has proposed Dazai was suffering from complex post-traumatic stress disorder when he wrote the book.[2] Plot outlineNo Longer Human is told in the form of notebooks left by one {{nihongo|Ōba Yōzō|大庭葉蔵}}, a troubled man incapable of revealing his true self to others, and who is instead forced to uphold a facade of hollow jocularity. The novel is composed of three chapters, or "memoranda", which chronicle the life of Ōba from early childhood to late twenties.
The story is bookended with two other, shorter, chapters from the point of view of a neutral observer, who sees three photos of Ōba and eventually tracks down one of the characters mentioned in the notebooks who knew him personally. Ōba refers to himself throughout the book using the reflexive pronoun {{nihongo|"Jibun"|自分}}, whereas the personal pronoun {{nihongo|"Watashi"|私}} is used both in the foreword and afterword to the book by the writer, whose name is unclear. The name "Ōba" is actually taken from one of Dazai's early works, {{nihongo|"Petals of Buffoonery"|道化の華}}. AdaptationsMovieNingen Shikkaku was adapted to film in 2009, the 100th anniversary of Dazai's birth. The film was directed by Genjiro Arato, the producer responsible for the award-winning Zigeunerweisen in 1980. Filming started in July, and it was released on February 20, 2010. The film stars Toma Ikuta (24) as Ōba Yōzō, a young man who finds it hard to relate to the world around him, but masks this sense of alienation with a jovial demeanor. Still, his life spirals toward self-destruction. Actress Satomi Ishihara (22) plays one of the several women in his life, and the only one he marries. The film was marketed outside Japan under the title Fallen Angel. A new version of Ningen Shikkaku is to be released September 13, 2019, starring Shun Oguri in the role of writer Osamu Dazai. Movie is directed by photographer and film director Mika Ninagawa.[3][4][5][6] AnimeAnother adaption of the story was told in the four first episodes of the anime series Aoi Bungaku that was released in 2009. The anime won the Platinum Grand Prize at the Future Film festival in Italy.[7] An anime titled Bungou Stray Dogs features a character named after Osamu, as well as various influences from No Longer Human. Anime filmA new 3D film adaptation titled Human Lost has been announced. Fuminori Kizaki is directing the film at Polygon Pictures, and Katsuyuki Motohiro is serving as executive director. Tow Ubukata is writing the scripts, while Yūsuke Kozaki is designing the characters. It is set to premiere in Q4 2019.[8] MangaUsamaru Furuya created a three-volume manga version of No Longer Human, serialized in Shinchosha's Comic Bunch magazine beginning in number 10, 2009. An English edition was published by Vertical, Inc. in 2011–2012.[9][10]Yasunori Ninose created another manga version of No Longer Human, titled Ningen Shikkaku Kai (壊,"kai" = "destruction"),[11] serialized in Champion Red from April to July in 2010. Unlike Furuya's version, this manga depicts human beings' negative emotion and sexual intercourse as tentacles, which have enthralled Ninose since he was five years old. A third version ({{ISBN|978-4872578102}}), a straight retelling of the story in its original pre-WWII setting, was commissioned for the Manga de Dokuha series (comic adaptations of classic literature), published by Gakken. An English edition was published in online format by JManga in 2011.[12] ReceptionWilliam Bradbury of The Japan Times called it a timeless novel, saying that "The struggle of the individual to fit into a normalizing society remains just as relevant today as it was at the time of writing."[13] Serdar Yegulalp of Genji Press noted the strength of Dazai in portraying the situation of the protagonist, describing the novel as "bleak in a way that is both extreme and yet also strangely unforced".[14] Both critics have noted the autobiographical qualities of the novel, but claim that Dazai's style causes readers to connect to Ōba rather than focus on the author. See also{{portal|Novels}}
References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://comipress.com/news/2007/08/22/2529 | title=Takeshi Obata Illustrates Cover for Best-Selling Japanese Novel | date=August 22, 2007 | publisher=ComiPress | accessdate=2009-07-27}} 2. ^Betrayed as Boys: Psychodynamic Treatment of Sexually Abused Men, Japanese edit pp. 448–451 by Naoko Miyaji (2005, mainly Richard Gartner) {{ISBN|4-86182-013-8}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0105313|title=小栗旬、太宰治役で減量 蜷川実花監督と「人間失格」誕生秘話映画化|last=|first=|date=December 3, 2018|website=cinematoday.jp|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203001402/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0105313|archive-date=December 2, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=December 2, 2018}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ningenshikkaku-movie.com/|title=Ningen shikkaku Official site|last=|first=|date=December 3, 2018|website=ningenshikkaku-movie.com|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203010706/http://ningenshikkaku-movie.com/|archive-date=December 2, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=December 2, 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nsmovie2019.tumblr.com/post/180727338659/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B|title=映画『人間失格』製作開始!!|last=|first=|date=December 3, 2018|website=nsmovie2019.tumblr.com|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203010634/https://nsmovie2019.tumblr.com/post/180727338659/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B|archive-date=December 2, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=December 2, 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://tokyonow.tokyo/event/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E3%80%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%A0%BC%E3%80%8F/|title=映画 『人間失格』|last=|first=|date=|year=2018|website=Tokyo now|language=Japanese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219084850/https://tokyonow.tokyo/event/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E3%80%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%A0%BC%E3%80%8F/|archive-date=December 19, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=December 19, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-26/no-longer-human-anime-wins-at-italy-future-film-fest|title=No Longer Human Anime Wins at Italy's Future Film Fest|publisher=Anime News Network|date=April 26, 2011|accessdate=April 26, 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-22/afro-samurai-director-fuminori-kizaki-reveals-human-lost-film/.144872|title=Afro Samurai Director Fuminori Kizaki Reveals Human Lost Film|publisher=Anime News Network|date=March 22, 2019|accessdate=March 22, 2019}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Toronto Comic Arts Festival to Host Usamaru Furuya|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-02-07/toronto-comic-arts-festival-to-host-usamaru-furuya|website=Anime News Network|accessdate=20 February 2011}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=No Longer Human|url=http://www.vertical-inc.com/books/nolongerhuman.html|publisher=Vertical, Inc.|accessdate=10 December 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web|script-title=ja:マンガ界の奇才が太宰に挑む 『人間失格 壊』|url=http://www.menscyzo.com/2010/02/post_875.html|website=Men's Cyzo|accessdate=21 February 2011|language=Japanese}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=No Longer Human|url=http://www.jmanga.com/no-longer-human|publisher=JManga|accessdate=10 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070022/http://www.jmanga.com/no-longer-human|archivedate=14 May 2013|deadurl=yes}} 13. ^{{cite web|last1=Bradbury|first1=William|title=No Longer Human|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/25/books/book-reviews/longer-human|website=The Japan Times|accessdate=14 March 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Yegulalp|first1=Serdar|title=Book Reviews: No Longer Human (Osamu Dazai)|url=http://www.genjipress.com/2007/04/no-longer-human-osamu-dazai.html|website=Genji Press|accessdate=14 March 2015}} External links{{Wikisourcelang|ja|人間失格}}
12 : 1948 novels|20th-century Japanese novels|Books with cover art by Rodrigo Corral|Fiction with unreliable narrators|Novels about alcoholism|Novels by Osamu Dazai|Novels first published in serial form|Novels about heroin addiction|Novels set in Japan|Polygon Pictures|Shinchosha manga|Vertical (company) titles |
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