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词条 Non-human electoral candidates
释义

  1. Notable examples

     Elected to office  Other examples 

  2. Folklore and pop culture

  3. See also

  4. References

Non-human electoral candidates have been found in a number of countries. Often, the candidacies are a means of casting a protest vote or satirizing the political system. Other times it is simply done for entertainment value.

Electoral regulations may explicitly require candidates to be human (or equivalent wording), or may require candidates to do things which animals cannot reasonably do (such as sign their name legibly on a legal form); most constituencies require candidates to be of the age of a legal adult, which eliminates many animals whose life expectancy is usually too short to ever qualify. On some occasions, however, animals have been accepted as candidates, and have even won office.

Notable examples

Elected to office

  • In 1922, Ioiô (Yo-yo), a billy-goat, was elected city councilor of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil[1]. In 2019, Rio de Janeiro's samba school Paraíso do Tuiuti paid homage to the goat[2].
  • Boston Curtis, a brown mule, was offered as a candidate for a Republican precinct seat in Milton, Washington in 1938, winning 51 to zero.[3][4]
  • In 1967, an Ecuadorian foot powder company advertised its product, Pulvapies, as a mayoral candidate in the town of Picoazá. Surprisingly, the foot powder won by a clear majority.[5]
  • Bosco the dog, a black Labrador-Rottweiler mix, was elected mayor of Sunol, California (1981–1994).[6][7]
  • In 1997, a cat named Stubbs was elected mayor of Talkeetna, Alaska.[8] Although his title as mayor was honorary, he was featured as a write-in candidate for the 2014 U.S. Senate race in Alaska.[9]
  • In August 2014, seven-year-old Duke The Dog won an election and became the new mayor of Cormorant, Minnesota.[10][11][12][13][14] Duke passed away on February 22nd, 2019. [15]
  • In July 2018, a cat named Sweet Tart (b.2009) won the title of mayor of Omena, Michigan.
  • In March 2019, a 3-year-old Nubian goat named Lincoln was elected mayor of Fair Haven, Vermont, defeating a Samoyed dog named Sammie by two votes.[16][17]

Other examples

  • Cacareco, a rhinoceros at the São Paulo zoo, was a candidate for the 1958 city council elections with the intention of protesting against political corruption.[18] Electoral officials did not accept Cacareco's candidacy, but she eventually won 100,000 votes, more than any other party in that same election (which was also marked by rampant absenteeism). Today, the term "Voto Cacareco" (Cacareco vote) is commonly used to describe protest votes in Brazil. Cacareco's candidacy inspired the Rhinoceros Party of Canada, nominally led by the rhinoceros Cornelius the First.
  • Pigasus the Immortal was a boar hog that the Yippies nominated as a candidate in the U.S. presidential election, 1968.
  • Nobody for President was a parodic campaign for president of the U.S. presidential election of 1976, First nominated by Wavy Gravy outside of the Republican National Convention of 1976 in Kansas City, again as the Yippies' nominee.[19]
  • Colossus the Gorilla, the main attraction at Benson's Wild Animal Farm in Hudson, New Hampshire, failed to be put on the ballot in the 1980 New Hampshire Republican Presidential primary. The simian's candidacy was promoted by Benson's, but the zoo's argument that the U.S. Constitution does not specify that a native-born candidate for the presidency had to be human was rejected.[20]
  • A cat named Morris was a candidate for mayor of Xalapa, Mexico in 2013.[21][22]
  • In 1989, regional council boundaries were redrawn in New Zealand, with an emphasis on catchments being connected. These revised maps made Whangamomona, NZ part of the Manawatu-Wanganui Region. Residents wanted to continue to be part of the Taranaki Region, and on 1 November 1989, they responded by declaring themselves the "Republic of Whangamomona" at the first Republic Day. At every Republic Day, they vote to either keep the seating President or to vote in a new one. Since 1999, they have had Billy Gumboot the Goat (1999–2001) and Tai the Poodle (2003–2004), the latest being Murt "Murtle the Turtle" Kennard (2005–2015).
  • Tião, a bad-tempered chimpanzee, was put forward by the fictional Brazilian Banana Party (Partido Bananista Brasileiro, actually the satirical group Casseta & Planeta) as a candidate for the Rio de Janeiro mayoralty in 1988. The campaign's slogan was "Vote monkey – get monkey" (because people were tired of voting for one platform and then seeing the elected officials implementing another one). There is no official counting (because all votes were recorded as "null"), but it's estimated that Tião received over 400,000 votes, coming third.[23][24][25]
  • New Zealand's McGillicuddy Serious Party entered a goat in a local Waiheke Island election, but their attempt to have a hedgehog stand for Parliament was unsuccessful.
  • Dustin the Turkey, a popular Irish television puppet received thousands of votes in the Republic of Ireland's 1997 presidential election. Although not being an official candidate there are rumours that he came in fifth, ahead of official candidate Derek Nally.[26]
  • United States film maker Michael Moore attempted to get a potted ficus tree onto the ballot as a candidate for United States Representative in 2000.[27]
  • Catmando, a political cat, served as joint leader of Britain's Official Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP) from 1999 to 2002, along with his owner, Howling Laud Hope.
  • In 2001, a Dachshund called Saucisse (Sausage) was a candidate for Marseille (France) municipal elections. He won 4% of votes. Eight years later, in 2009, he participated the third season of Secret Story, the French version of Big Brother. He entered the house on Day 36. His secret is that he was a candidate at the election of Marseille Mayor. To protect his secret, he entered the house with the nickname "Secret".
  • In 2006, a famous prankster and street artist from Szeged, Hungary proclaimed himself the founder of the Hungarian Double-tailed Dog Party, going as far as to place propaganda ads out on the walls of Szeged's houses, promoting the candidate "István Nagy", a two-tailed dog.
  • Molly the Dog, a dachshund from Oklahoma, named as a candidate in the U.S. presidential election, 2008.[28]
  • United States TV host and California councilmember Charlotte Laws had a chicken named Mae Poulet who ran for Vice President on the Bully ticket in the 2012 election.[29]
  • Ed the Sock, a sock puppet, attempted to run for the Fed-Up Party during the Canadian federal election, 2011.
  • The Inanimate Objects Party at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute encourages write-in votes for inanimate objects, such as an inflatable whale named Arthur Galpin or a dead albino squirrel.
  • Hank the Cat, a Maine Coon from Northern Virginia, ran against Tim Kaine and George Allen for Virginia's Senate seat in 2012. He earned third place in the state, with nearly 7,000 votes.[30]
  • Tuxedo Stan, a cat from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was a mayoral candidate in the 2012 municipal elections[31] representing the Tuxedo Party, a political movement aimed to improve the welfare of felines in HRM (Halifax Regional Municipality) "because neglect isn't working". He has been endorsed by celebrities including Anderson Cooper.[32]
  • Fire Hydrant ran for election multiple times 2004–2008 at the University of British Columbia, including a position on the Board of Governors, coming within 6 votes of being elected.[33][34]
{{anchor|Giggles the pig}}
  • Giggles the Pig was set to run for mayor of Flint, Michigan in 2015.[35] Lawyer Michael Ewing started "Giggles the Pig for Flint Mayor" as a write-in campaign after a city clerk's office error threatened to keep all candidates' names off the August, 2015 mayoral primary election. Ewing said the candidacy "sought to draw more attention to the mayoral race, better educate voters about their choices and encourage residents to demand more of elected officials." Giggles attracted many online fans, while the "other candidates for mayor were less amused." The write-in campaign was cancelled after state officials fixed the mistake and allowed four candidates' names to appear on the ballot, and the race had become "No longer an even playing field" for Giggles. Giggles' Facebook page was then to be used to share good news stories about Flint.[36]
  • Crawfish B. Crawfish is a crawfish from Louisiana. Crawfish's campaign for the United States presidency began on Facebook on a page titled "Can This Crawfish Get More Supporters Than Bobby Jindal?",[37] created on May 31, 2015. The campaign began to receive media attention after Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal announced his bid for the 2016 Presidential race. After Jindal's announcement, Crawfish received media attention from outlets such as The Huffington Post,[38] Salon magazine,[39] Bustle,[40] and popular Louisiana-based publications NOLA Defender[41] and Gambit.[42] Crawfish officially registered with the Federal Election Commission, running for a non-listed party, on July 2, 2015.[43] Crawfish has stated his support of education, gender equality, same-sex marriage, and Game of Thrones, while criticizing the strict bi-partisan system.[44]
  • 9Lives Cat Food mascot Morris the Cat ran for President in 1988, 1992, and 2012.
  • Harambe the gorilla was a candidate in the 2016 Presidential election.
  • Limberbutt McCubbins, a male cat from Kentucky, was registered with the Federal Election Commission as a Democratic candidate for the 2016 United States presidential election.[45] It was brought to national attention by The Rachel Maddow Show[46] and the cat's candidacy was endorsed by Jezebel.[47] Politifact rated the legitimacy of Limberbutt McCubbins' candidacy as "half true", noting that the FEC did not formally consider the cat a candidate because he hadn't spent or received $5,000.[48] Emilee McCubbins, who owns the cat, and Isaac Weiss, who came up with the idea, said they wanted to encourage reform of the FEC, stating that it only took "20 minutes" to register as a candidate, and that they did not even require a social security number. They also wanted to encourage voter registration, particularly young voters.[49]
  • In 2018, Penny Moffett, a one year old puppy, was put forward as a candidate for governor of Kansas after it was determined that there were no restrictions for candidacy.[50] Her platform included increased funding for schools and clean energy initiatives.[51]
  • Alfred E. Neuman, Mad magazine's fictitious icon first appeared on the cover of MAD (#30) in 1956 as a write-in candidate for President.[52] He has run in every presidential election ever since.

Folklore and pop culture

The notion of animals being elected to office has often been the subject of parody and folklore.

In 1817 Thomas Love Peacock's novel Melincourt featured an orangutan as a parliamentary candidate.

In 1951 cartoon Ballot Box Bunny, Bugs Bunny ran for the office of mayor against Yosemite Sam. Both lost to a "dark horse candidate": a mare.

In 1972, American singer Tom T. Hall had a hit with a recording entitled "The Monkey That Became President" which considered a scenario in which said animal was elected to office.

In 1976, Marvel Comics announced that their character Howard the Duck would run in that year's election for the U.S. presidency.[53]

The Black Mirror episode "The Waldo Moment" explores the concept of a cartoon character electoral candidate. Several news reports, including one by Chris Cillizza, political reporter for The Washington Post, compared the 2016 Donald Trump political campaign to the episode;[54][55] later, in September 2016, episode writer Charlie Brooker also compared the Trump campaign to The Waldo Moment and predicted Trump would win the 2016 election.[56][57]

The nerd-folk song "President Snakes" from the 2015 album of the same name by the music duo The Doubleclicks explores how five snakes run as one electoral candidate.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

Rita Mae Brown detective cat Mrs Murphy ran for President in "Sneakie Pie for President"

See also

  • List of animals with fraudulent diplomas
  • List of frivolous political parties
  • List of practical joke topics
  • Jedi census phenomenon
  • Incitatus

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tribunadoceara.uol.com.br/noticias/perfil-2/bode-ioio-ilustre-retirante-da-seca-de-1915-completa-um-seculo-da-chegada-a-fortaleza/|title=Bode Ioiô, ilustre retirante da seca de 1915, completa um século da chegada a Fortaleza|website=tribunadoceara.uol.com.br|access-date=2019-03-06}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/carnaval/2019/noticia/2019/03/05/paraiso-do-tuiuti-conta-historia-de-bode-vereador-para-continuar-a-fazer-satira-politica.ghtml|title=Paraíso do Tuiuti conta história de bode vereador para continuar a fazer sátira política|website=G1|language=pt-br|access-date=2019-03-06}}
3. ^"Boston Curtis." Time Magazine. Published 26 September 1938. Accessed 11 January 2008.
4. ^Boston Curtis museumofhoaxes.com
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/ballot/footpowder.asp|title=Foot Powder Ecuador Election Result : snopes.com|author=snopes|date=7 November 2015|work=Snopes|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
6. ^Vanderbilt Television News Archive
7. ^{{cite news| last = | first = | date = 17 December 2008| title = Bay Area's First Canine Mayor Memorialized| url = http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/weird/The-Bosco-Ramos-Story-to-be-Immortalized.html| newspaper = NBC Bay Area| location = San Jose, California| publisher = NBCUniversal| accessdate = 27 October 2013}}
8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/17/us/alaska-cat-mayor/index.html |title=Mayor of Alaska village walks on four paws |date=July 17, 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2012 |last=Yan |first=Holly |work=CNN}}
9. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/a-cat-mayor-just-announced-his-campaign-for-senate-in-alaska-2014-11 |title=A Cat Mayor Just 'Announced' His Campaign For Senate In Alaska |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=4 November 2014 |work=Business Insider |access-date=24 July 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/08/13/duke-the-dog-elected-mayor-in-cormorant-minn/ |title=Duke The Dog Elected Mayor In Cormorant, Minn.}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/yezminvillarreal/dog-becomes-mayor-of-minnesota-town |title=Dog becomes mayor of Minnesota town}}
12. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZGjlVQyWt4|title=Duke the dog. Mayor of Cormorant MN|date=16 August 2014|work=YouTube|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DukeTheDogMayor|title=Duke the Dog Mayor of Cormorant, Minnesota|work=facebook.com|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/mayor-gracious-losing-dog/story?id=24961792|title=Would-Be Mayor Gracious After Losing to Dog|author=ABC News|work=ABC News|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
15. ^https://www.foxnews.com/us/duke-dog-mayor-of-minnesota-town-went-to-doggy-heaven
16. ^{{cite web|title=Goat from Hildene elected mayor of Fair Haven|url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/hildene-goat-elected-mayor-of-fair-haven,566968|publisher=The Berkshire Eagle|accessdate=17 March 2019}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Goat elected as honorary mayor sworn in for first term|url=https://wqad.com/2019/03/17/goat-elected-as-honorary-mayor-sworn-in-for-first-term/|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=17 March 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.memoriaviva.com.br/ocruzeiro/24101959/241059_8.htm|title=Memória Viva apresenta: O Cruzeiro – 24 de outubro de 1959 – Cacareco agora é Excelência|work=memoriaviva.com.br|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
19. ^http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/nobody_for_president
20. ^{{cite web|last=Garnick|first=Darren|title=Hillary Cried Here: An Unconventional Tourist Guide to the N.H. Primary|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/01/hillary-cried-here-an-unconventional-tourist-guide-to-the-nh-primary/250848/|work=Tourist Guide to the N.H. Primary|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=10 January 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/19/cat-stands-election-mexican-city | title=Cat stands for election in Mexican city | publisher=The Guardian | date=19 June 2013 | accessdate=25 January 2015 | author=Tuckman, Jo | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125175812/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/19/cat-stands-election-mexican-city | archivedate=25 January 2015}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Strapagiel|first=Lauren|title=Morris the cat joins long legacy of cuddly politicians|url=http://o.canada.com/2013/06/20/morris-cat-mayor-xalapa-mexico-cat-politicians/|accessdate=21 June 2013|newspaper=Canada.com|date=20 June 2013}}
23. ^Tião's home page {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506004446/http://rio.rj.gov.br/riozoo/tiao.htm |date=2006-05-06 }}
24. ^Tião's 31st birthday {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310230616/http://www.estadao.com.br/ext/diariodopassado/20040116/000205438.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}, O Estado de S. Paulo, 1994-01-16
25. ^Rio Zoo completes 60 years {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310230746/http://www.estadao.com.br/ultimas/cidades/noticias/2005/mar/18/75.htm |date=2007-03-10 }}, O Estado de S. Paulo, 2005-03-18
26. ^{{cite web|last1=Delaney|first1=Laura|title=Rewind! RTÉ shows that should be brought back|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2015/1227/756415-tens-top/|publisher=RTE Entertainment|accessdate=21 December 2017}}
27. ^Plant candidate {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119080414/http://www.commondreams.org/news2000/0426-09.htm |date=2008-01-19 }}
28. ^Molly the dog {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122053639/http://mollythedog2008.com/ |date=2009-01-22 }}
29. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_21839829/hen-white-house-just-ticket |title=A hen in the White House? Just the ticket – LA Daily News |publisher=Dailynews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025033421/http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_21839829/hen-white-house-just-ticket |archivedate=2012-10-25 |df= }}
30. ^{{cite news |author=Benjamin R. Freed |url=http://dcist.com/2012/11/hank_the_cat_claims_third_place_in.php |title=Hank the Cat Claws His Way to Third Place in Virginia Senate Race |publisher=DCist |date=2012-11-09 |accessdate=2013-06-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824093910/http://dcist.com/2012/11/hank_the_cat_claims_third_place_in.php |archivedate=2015-08-24 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://vancouversun.com/Tuxedo+Stan+running+mayor+Halifax+video/7362684/story.html |title=Tuxedo Stan, cat, running for mayor of Halifax (video) |publisher=Vancouver Sun |accessdate=15 December 2012}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/anderson-cooper-endorses-tuxedo-stan-for-mayor-1.970833 |title=Anderson Cooper endorses Tuxedo Stan for mayor |publisher=CTV News |accessdate=15 December 2012}}
33. ^{{cite web| url=https://sites.google.com/site/dpeets/hydrant/polyticks | title=Fire Hydrant the Politician| accessdate=2014-01-31}}
34. ^{{cite news |url = http://ubyssey.ca/opinion/last-words-in-which-we-nitpick-the-ams-elections/ |title = Last Words: In which we nitpick the AMS elections |publisher = The Ubyssey |date = 2013-01-16 |accessdate = 2014-01-31 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203194201/http://ubyssey.ca/opinion/last-words-in-which-we-nitpick-the-ams-elections/ |archivedate = 2014-02-03 |df = }}
35. ^{{cite web | url=http://detroit.suntimes.com/det-news/det-politics-government/7/77/197276/giggles-the-pig-mayor-michigan/ | title=No laughing matter: Giggles the pig is running for mayor in Michigan | date=7 May 2015 | accessdate=7 May 2015 | author=Sutton, Scott | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508013222/http://detroit.suntimes.com/det-news/det-politics-government/7/77/197276/giggles-the-pig-mayor-michigan/ | archivedate=8 May 2015 | deadurl=yes | df= }}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://michiganradio.org/post/giggles-pig-no-longer-running-flint-mayor#stream/0 |publisher=Associated Press |title =Giggles the Pig no longer running for Flint mayor |author=Steve Carmody |date=June 10, 2015 }}
37. ^{{cite web|title=Can This Crawfish Get More Supporters Than Bobby Jindal?|url=https://www.facebook.com/CrawfishVSJindal|website=Can This Crawfish Get More Supporters Than Bobby Jindal?|accessdate=8 August 2015}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=Louisiana Would Rather Vote for a (Mud)Bug Than Bobby Jindal|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-pierce/louisiana-would-rather-vo_b_7702640.html|website=Huffington Post |accessdate=August 8, 2015|date=July 1, 2015}}
39. ^{{cite news|last1=White Jr.|first1=Lamar|title=Bobby Jindal has no shame: This charlatan belongs nowhere near the White House |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/07/01/bobby_jindal_has_no_shame_this_charlatan_belongs_nowhere_near_the_white_house/ |accessdate=8 August 2015 |work=Salon|date=July 1, 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web |last1=Siese |first1=April |title=The Crawfish Aiming For More Supporters Than Bobby Jindal Is My New Best Friend|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/92858-the-crawfish-aiming-for-more-supporters-than-bobby-jindal-is-my-new-best-friend|website=Bustle |accessdate=8 August 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web|last1=Leonard|first1=Lucy|title=CRAWFISH '16|url=http://www.noladefender.com/content/crawfish-16|website=NOLA Defender|accessdate=8 August 2015}}
42. ^{{cite news|last1=Woodward|first1=Alex|title=Get to know the crawfish running for president|url=http://www.bestofneworleans.com/blogofneworleans/archives/2015/07/08/get-to-know-the-crawfish-running-for-president|accessdate=8 August 2015|publisher=Gambit|date=July 8, 2015}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do?candidateCommitteeId=P60008539&tabIndex=3|title=Committee/Candidate Details|work=fec.gov|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=About Crawfish|url=http://crawfish2016.com|website=Crawfish 2016|accessdate=8 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826024850/http://www.crawfish2016.com/|archivedate=26 August 2015|df=}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do?candidateCommitteeId=P60007366&tabIndex=3|title=Committee/Candidate Details|work=fec.gov|accessdate=7 November 2015}}
46. ^{{cite news|last1=Maddow|first1=Rachel|title=Transcript |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/57357269/ns/msnbc-rachel_maddow_show/t/rachel-maddow-show-friday-may-th/|accessdate=24 July 2015 |date=May 8, 2015 |work=The Rachel Maddow Show |publisher=NBC News}}
47. ^{{cite news|last1=Merlan|first1=Anna|title=Jezebel Endorses Limberbutt McCubbins, Cat, for President |url=http://jezebel.com/jezebel-endorses-limberbutt-mccubbins-cat-for-preside-1716827972|accessdate=10 July 2015 |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=Jezebel }}
48. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jul/14/limberbutt-mccubbins/can-a-cat-run-for-president/ | title=Can a cat run for president? | publisher=Politifact.com | date=July 14, 2015 | author=Qiu, Linda}}
49. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.whas11.com/story/news/politics/2015/07/20/demo-cat-campaign-for-president-meows-the-time/30438139/ | title=Demo-Cat Campaign for President Meows The Time | publisher=WHAS-TV | date=July 20, 2015 | author=Arnold, Joe}}
50. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/09/584678163/kansas-scrambles-to-change-rules-after-6-teens-enter-governors-race |title=Kansas Scrambles To Change Rules After 6 Teens Enter Governor's Race |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |publisher=NPR |date=2018-02-09 |accessdate=2018-02-13}}
51. ^https://www.facebook.com/Penny4KSGov/
52. ^{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Frank |authorlink1=Frank Jacobs |title="Totally MAD" Excerpt: Who is Alfred E. Neuman? |url=https://www.madmagazine.com/blog/2012/12/19/totally-mad-excerpt-who-is-alfred-e-neuman |website=www.madmagazine.com |accessdate=31 March 2019 |language=en |date=19 December 2012}}
53. ^{{cite book |first=Sean |last=Howe |title=Marvel Comics: The Untold Story |location=New York |publisher=Harper |year=2012 |isbn=9780061992100 |page=179 }}
54. ^{{cite news |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |authorlink= Chris Cillizza |title=Donald Trump's troll game of Jeb Bush: A+ |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/09/08/donald-trumps-troll-game-of-jeb-bush-a/ |date=8 September 2015 |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=24 October 2015 }}
55. ^{{cite news |last=O'Keefe |first=Meghan |title=Why You Must Watch 'Black Mirror': "The Waldo Moment" This Weekend |url=http://decider.com/2015/08/07/black-mirror-the-waldo-effect-2016-presidential-race/ |date=7 August 2015 |work=Decider |accessdate=24 October 2015 }}
56. ^{{cite news |last=Yamato |first=Jen |title='Black Mirror' Creator Predicts Trump Will Be President: 'I Find It F*cking Terrifying' |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/13/black-mirror-creator-predicts-trump-will-be-president-i-find-it-f-cking-terrifying.html |date=13 September 2016 |work=The Daily Beast |accessdate=8 October 2016 }}
57. ^{{cite news |last=Wampler |first=Scott |title=Black Mirror's Charlie Brooker Predicts Trump Will Win The Election |url=http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2016/09/13/black-mirrors-charlie-brooker-predicts-that-trump-will-win-the-election |date=13 September 2016 |work=BirthMoviesDeath.com |accessdate=8 October 2016 }}
58. ^{{cite web|first1=Lisa|last1=Granshaw|url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/the-doubleclicks-kickstarter-president-snakes/|title=Geek girl band The Doubleclicks have funded their next album on Kickstarter|work=The Daily Dot|publisher=dailydot.com|date=May 13, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
59. ^{{cite web|first1=David|last1=Greenwald|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland-music/doubleclicks.html|title=Boldly Go|work=OregonLive.com|publisher=Advance Digital|date=May 13, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
60. ^{{cite web|first1=Teresa|last1=Jusino|url=http://www.themarysue.com/things-we-saw-today-826/|title=Things We Saw Today: Gillian Anderson Keeping Hannibal VERY Close to Her Heart|work=The Mary Sue|publisher=Abrams Media|date=May 7, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
61. ^{{cite web|first1=Craig|last1=Kohlruss|url=http://www.fresnobee.com/entertainment/article39637518.html|title=Superheroes, monsters and regular citizens mingle at downtown Fresno's Zappcon|work=The Fresno Bee|publisher=The McClatchy Company|date=October 17, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
62. ^{{cite web|first1=Jonathan H.|last1=Liu|url=http://geekdad.com/2015/05/president-snakes/|title=Help The Doubleclicks Fund Their Next Album, 'President Snakes'|work=GeekDad|publisher=geekdad.com|date=May 12, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
63. ^{{cite web|first1=|last1=Pamplin Media Group|url=http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/262454-135054-kickstarter-gives-president-snakes-a-big-lift|title=Kickstarter gives 'President Snakes' a big lift|work=Portland Tribune|publisher=Pamplin Media Group|date=June 2, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}

5 : Animals in politics|Elections|Political satire|Practical jokes|Protest tactics
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