| 词条 | NordBalt |
| 释义 |
| name = NordBalt | photo =Map of NordBalt.jpg | caption = | map = | map_caption = Location of NordBalt | country = Lithuania, Sweden | state = | province = | coordinates = {{coord|55|40|54|N|21|15|24|E|type:landmark|name=Klaipėda substation}} {{coord|56|46|4|N|15|51|15|E|type:landmark|name=Nybro substation}} | direction = east–west | start = Klaipėda | through = Baltic Sea | finish = Nybro | par = | owner = | partners = Litgrid Svenska kraftnät | operator = | cable_manufacturer = ABB | cable_installer = | cable_layer = | substation_manufacturer= ABB | substation_installer= | contractors = | construction = 11 April 2014 | construction_cost = €552 million | est = 14 December 2015 | decom = | type = subsea cable | current_type = HVDC | length_km = 450 | capacity = 700 MW | AC_voltage = 330 kV 400 kV | DC_voltage = ±300 kV | poles_no = 2 | circuits_no = }} NordBalt (also formerly known as SwedLit) is a submarine power cable between Klaipėda in Lithuania and Nybro in Sweden. The purpose of the cable is to facilitate the trading of power between the Baltic and Nordic electricity markets, and to increase the supply and energy security in both markets. HistoryThe project was originally suggested in 2004. Original project Swindlit was aimed at construction of the wind farm in the Baltic Sea and ensuring the electricity transmission to Sweden and Lithuania. The participants of this project were interested also in Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant as an accumulator of variable wind energy. In August 2006, the Lithuanian and Swedish transmission grid operators Lietuvos Energija and Svenska kraftnät agreed to launch a feasibility study of a possible interconnector.[1] In February 2007, Lietuvos Energija and Svenska Kraftnät signed an agreement with Swedish consulting company SWECO International on preparation of feasibility study. The study was completed in March 2008 with positive conclusions for the implementation of the project.[2] On 9 July 2009, Lietuvos Energija, Latvenergo and Svenska Kraftnät signed a memorandum of understanding on the NordBalt project.[3] Invitation for pre-qualification for NordBalt converters' and cable procurement was launched in December 2009.[4] The sea bottom survey was conducted by Marin Mätteknik by 13 December 2009.[5] On 17 December 2010, Litgrid, a newly established transmission system operator of Lithuania who took the project over from Lietuvos Energija, and Svenska kraftnät, signed a €270 million contract with ABB according to which ABB manufactured the cable.[6] According to another contract, signed on 20 December 2010, ABB supplied two converter stations.[7] In March 2013 the government of Lithuania approved construction plans for the coastal area.[8] On 18 April 2013 the Swedish government gave its final approval of the construction of a power cable.[9] Cable laying started on 11 April 2014.[10] It was laid by using C/S Lewek Connector.[11] The cable laying was disrupted several times by the Russian Navy[12][13] within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Lithuania[14] causing the Lithuanian prime minister to summon the Russian ambassador and protest against Russia's violation of the United Nation's Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[15] On 9 June 2015, the cable laying works were completed.[16] The cable was officially inaugurated on 14 December 2015.[17] However, due to fire near the Nybro substation, test transmission with a capacity of 30 MW started only on 1 February 2016.[18][19][20] On 17 February 2016, electricity transmitted via Nordbalt was traded first time at Nord Pool Spot.[21] {{Asof|March 2016}} the interconnector is in a test phase. Technical featuresThe interconnector uses high-voltage direct current (HVDC). The length of the cable is {{convert|450|km}}, of which {{cvt|400|km}} is the submarine cable, {{cvt|40|km}} is the land cable in Sweden, and {{cvt|10|km}} is the land cable in Lithuania. Its maximum capacity is 700 MW with a ramping restriction of 600 MW,[22] where the 700 MW capacity corresponds to an annual transmission capacity of 6.1 TWh. EconomyThe interconnector cost €580 million, of which the submarine cable cost €270 million.[6][7] €175 million was paid by the European Commission.[3] It connects the Nord Pool Spot bidding areas southern Sweden (SE4) and Lithuania (LT).[23] See also
References1. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.le.lt/en/main/news/press?ID=446 | title = Agreement on Feasibility Study of Construction of Transmission Line between Lithuania and Sweden signed | publisher = Lietuvos Energija | date = 2006-08-25 | accessdate = 2009-07-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070308084800/http://www.le.lt/en/main/news/press?ID=446 | archive-date = 2007-03-08 | dead-url = yes}} 2. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.globaltransmission.info/archive.php?id=1932 | title = SwedLit interconnection: Baltic countries resolve the dispute | publisher = Global Transmission | date = 2009-05-01 | accessdate = 2016-03-26}} 3. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLA48973820090710 | title = Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia sign deal for power link | publisher = Reuters | date = 2009-07-10 | accessdate = 2009-07-11}} 4. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.interlinks.lt/en/news/invitation-for-pre-qualification-for-nordbalt-converters-and-cable-procurement-tenders-announced.html | title = Invitation for pre-qualification for NordBalt converters' and cable procurement tenders announced | publisher = InterLinks | date = 2009-12-07 | accessdate = 2010-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209005841/http://www.interlinks.lt/en/news/invitation-for-pre-qualification-for-nordbalt-converters-and-cable-procurement-tenders-announced.html | archive-date = 2010-02-09 | dead-url = yes}} 5. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.interlinks.lt/en/news/sea-bottom-survey-completed.html | title = Sea bottom survey completed | publisher = InterLinks | date = 2009-12-16 | accessdate = 2010-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209011231/http://www.interlinks.lt/en/news/sea-bottom-survey-completed.html | archive-date = 2010-02-09 | dead-url = yes}} 6. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSWEA820020101217 | title = ABB signs 270 mln euro NordBalt power cable deal | first = Nerijus | last = Adomaitis | agency = Reuters | date = 2010-12-17 | accessdate = 2010-12-20}} 7. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6BJ0Y520101220 | title = ABB wins Nordic-Baltic power order | first = Katie | last = Reid | agency = Reuters | date = 2010-12-20 | accessdate = 2010-12-31}} 8. ^{{cite news | title = Vyriausybė leido tiesti elektros jungties "NordBalt" kabelį pajūrio juostoje |trans-title=The government has allowed the construction of the electrical interconnection NordBalt in the coastal zone | url = http://verslas.delfi.lt/energetika/vyriausybe-leido-tiesti-elektros-jungties-nordbalt-kabeli-pajurio-juostoje.d?id=60846293 | work = Delfi | date = 2013-03-06 | accessdate = 2013-03-06 | language = Lithuanian}} 9. ^{{cite news | title = Duotas leidimas elektros bambagyslei su Švedija |trans-title=Authorization given by Sweden for the power cable | url = http://verslas.delfi.lt/energetika/duotas-leidimas-elektros-bambagyslei-su-svedija.d?id=61184421 | work = Delfi | date = 2013-04-18 | accessdate = 2014-04-11 | language = Lithuanian}} 10. ^{{cite news | title = Pradedamas tiesti elektros jungties "NordBalt" kabelis |trans-title=NordBalt power cable construction started | url = http://lzinios.lt/lzinios/Ekonomika/pradedamas-tiesti-elektros-jungties-nord-balt-kabelis/177503 | newspaper = Lietuvos žinios | date = 2014-04-11 | accessdate = 2014-04-11 | language = Lithuanian}} 11. ^{{cite conference | conference = ICC Spring Meeting | title = NordBalt - the ultra-long 300 kV extruded HVDC cable 280 miles through the Baltic Sea | first = Thomas | last = Worzyk | url =http://www.pesicc.org/iccwebsite/subcommittees/G/Presentations/2013Spring/NordBalt.pdf | newspaper = Lietuvos žinios | date = 2013-04-30 | accessdate = 2016-03-26 | format = PDF}} 12. ^{{cite news | first = David | last = Crouch | title = Lithuania accuses Russia of disrupting work on Baltic power cable | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b633b3ea-f0b9-11e4-ace4-00144feab7de.html#axzz441SWRuuf | newspaper = Financial Times | date = 2015-05-02 | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 13. ^{{cite news | first = Christina | last = Zander | title = Undersea Electricity Cable Generates Friction Between Russia and Baltics | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/undersea-electricity-cable-generates-friction-between-russia-and-baltics-1430931797 | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | date = 2015-05-06 | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 14. ^{{cite news | last = Braw | first = Elisabeth | title = Balts Say Russian Navy Bullying Undersea Cable Crews | url = http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-bullying-undersea-baltic-cable/26996165.html | work = Radio Free Europe | date = 2015-05-05 | accessdate = 2015-05-07}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Foreign Ministry of Lithuania summoned the Russian ambassador to express strong protest|url=https://www.urm.lt/default/en/news/foreign-ministry-of-lithuania-summoned-the-russian-ambassador-to-express-strong-protest|website=Foreign Ministry of Lithuania|accessdate=2015-05-02}} 16. ^{{cite news | last1 = Verseckas | first1 = Darius | title = Baigė tiesti "NordBalt" |trans-title=Construction of NordBalt has finished | language = Lithuanian | url = http://vz.lt/archive/article/2015/6/9/baige-tiesti-nordbalt#fprubric | accessdate = 9 December 2015 | newspaper = Verslo žinios | date = 2015-06-09}} 17. ^{{cite news | title = Baltic states reach 'milestone' in reducing energy dependence on Russia | url = http://www.dw.com/en/baltic-states-reach-milestone-in-reducing-energy-dependence-on-russia/a-18916989 | work = Deutsche Welle | date = 2015-12-14 | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 18. ^{{cite news | title = Electricity begins flowing via the cable NordBalt | url = http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/energy/?doc=116146 | work = Baltic Course | date = 2016-02-02 | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 19. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.litgrid.eu/index.php/news-events-/news/power-successfully-transmitted-through-nordbalt-cable/3086 | title = Power successfully transmitted through NordBalt cable | publisher = Litgrid | date= 2016-02-01 | accessdate= 2016-02-02}} 20. ^{{cite news | title = Completion of NordBalt and LitPol closes the Baltic Ring | url = http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featurecompletion-of-nordbalt-and-litpol-closes-the-baltic-ring-4847289/ | work = Modern Power Systems | date = 2016-03-23 | accessdate = 2015-03-26}} 21. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.litgrid.eu/index.php/news-events-/news/first-electricity-transmitted-through-nordbalt-sold-on-the-market/3107 | title = First electricity transmitted through NordBalt sold on the market | publisher = Litgrid |date= 2016-02-18 |accessdate= 2016-02-18}} 22. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/F23761B848A72638C12577F8007863B2.aspx | title = NordBalt HVDC connection strengthens integration of Baltic energy markets with northern Europe | publisher = ABB Group | accessdate = 2010-12-31}} 23. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.litgrid.eu/index.php/news-events-/news/during-the-first-month-of-summer-electricity-price-traditionally-rose-/2860 |title= During the first month of summer electricity price traditionally rose |website= litgrid.eu |date= 2015-07-28 |accessdate= 2016-08-08}} External links
10 : Electrical interconnectors to and from the Baltic grid|Electrical interconnectors to and from the Nordic grid|Submarine power cables|HVDC transmission lines|Electric power infrastructure in Sweden|Electric power transmission systems in Lithuania|Connections across the Baltic Sea|Lithuania–Sweden relations|2015 establishments in Lithuania|2015 establishments in Sweden |
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